Nesta dissertação procura-se analisar o contexto histórico da aprovação das políticas públicas destinadas à atenção integral da saúde da mulher (PAISM-PNAISM) e o papel dos diferentes atores sociais e políticos que tiveram um papel decisivo em sua história. A mobilização desses atores possibilitou a elaboração do PAISM, considerada a primeira política de atenção à saúde da mulher. A nova política evoluiu para o Plano Nacional, criando novos direitos, incluindo a questão do climatério/menopausa que será analisado nessa dissertação. / In this thesis seeks to analyze the historical context of the adoption of public policies for the comprehensive care of women's health (PAISM - PNAISM) and the role of different social and political actors who played a decisive role in its history. The mobilization of these actors led to the drafting of PAISM, considered the first policy attention to women's health. The new policy evolved into the National Plan, by creating new rights, including the issue of menopause / menopause, which will be analyzed in this dissertation.

Esta pesquisa trata fundamentalmente das possibilidades do Design agir no processo de valorização e fortalecimento de comunidades, em específico no setor da agricultura familiar, por meio da representação gráfico-visual da identidade desses sujeitos. A hipótese é que o modo de distribuição dos agricultores nas terras desapropriadas pelo Incra, associada a problemática da fragmentação das identidades na contemporaneidade, podem ser causas para a falta de coesão entre os sujeitos, refletindo na questão da identidade coletiva. Assim, o objetivo é desenvolver um procedimento para a representação gráfico-visual da identificação das Mulheres da Terra por meio de um mosaico conceitual. Para a coleta de dados são adotadas duas técnicas, as histórias de vida, que têm como tema central a identidade, onde se busca compreender a trajetória biográfica de cada membro; e aplicação de questionário, que aborda questões sobre a individualidade dos sujeitos e as suas relações com o ambiente e o próximo. Na fase de interpretação dos dados se faz a síntese dos termos, conceitos e palavras similares ou sinônimas encontradas no conjunto do material. Aplica-se a técnica de análise linguística denotativa aos conceitos previamente definidos, reunindo-se os elementos necessários para construção o mosaico conceitual. A pesquisa indica que por essas mulheres serem constituídas de diversidades culturais, tradições, linguagens e de suas histórias particulares, as identidades são genuinamente híbridas. Acredita-se que o fato das mulheres serem originárias de diversas regiões, reforça a questão da problemática da fragmentação das identidades na contemporaneidade. Sobre o produto final, o mosaico visual, ainda que tenha se utilizado uma estrutura formal que remeta à composição de mosaico conhecida, a peça gráfica se relaciona com a concepção de quebra cabeça associada a de mosaico científico. Por fim, o Design por meio de práticas conjuntas, pode agir de modo a facilitar essas relações de encontrar os pontos em comum e distintivos que configuram cada uma das pessoas, de modo a mostrar graficamente no que se constitui essas identidades, ainda que estas não sejam finalizadas. / This research deals fundamentally with the possibilities of Design act in the process of recovery and strengthening communities, specifically in family farming sector, through graphic-visual representation of the identity of these individuals. The hypothesis is that the mode of distribution of farmers on the land expropriated by Incra associated to the problematic of fragmentation of identities in contemporaneity, can be causes for the lack of cohesion among the subjects, reflecting on the issue of collective identity. So, the objective is to develop a proceeding for representing graphic-visual identification of farmers group Women’s Earth through a conceptual mosaic. For data collection, two techniques are adopted: life stories, whose central theme is identity, where one seeks to understand the life histories of each member; and a questionnaire, which addresses questions about the individuality of the subjects and their relationships with the environment and the next. At the stage of data interpretation becomes the synthesis of terms, concepts and similar words or synonyms found throughout the material. Applies the technique of denoting linguistic analysis to the concepts previously defined, gathering the information necessary to construct the mosaic concept. The research indicates that these women are made of cultural diversity, traditions, languages and their particular histories, soon the identities are genuinely hybrid. It is believed that the fact that women are originating from different regions, reinforces the problematic question of fragmentation of identity in contemporary life. On the final product, the visual mosaic, although it has a formal structure used to refer to the composition mosaic known, the graphic part is related to the conception of a puzzle associated with mosaic scientific. Finally, the Design through joint practices may act to facilitate these relationships to find common points and badges that shape each person in order to show graphically what constitutes these identities, although these do not are finalized.

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-05-29T13:57:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Nádia Sobral.pdf: 885285 bytes, checksum: 1715f9b85d2cec36d34344e6cb9fb06d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-05-29T13:57:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Nádia Sobral.pdf: 885285 bytes, checksum: 1715f9b85d2cec36d34344e6cb9fb06d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-29T13:57:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Nádia Sobral.pdf: 885285 bytes, checksum: 1715f9b85d2cec36d34344e6cb9fb06d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / Acquired syphilis is an infectious-contagious sexually transmitted disease produced by Treponema pallidum. In the field of public health, it is a serious problem. Women have greater vulnerabilities related to the acquisition of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), a situation implied by gender and social and cultural issues. In this study, the theory of social representations made it possible to interpret women's understanding of the health-disease process of syphilis by revealing their beliefs, concepts and judgments. Objective: To analyze the social representations of women of childbearing age on the health-disease process of acquired syphilis. Method: Exploratory, descriptive, qualitative approach, conducted by the Social Representations Theory. The study was conducted at the Alfredo da Mata Foundation, an institution linked to the State Health Secretariat of the State of Amazonas. The data collection period was from December 2017 to January 2018. The sample consisted of 10 women diagnosed and followed up by professionals from a reference center for assistance to people with STIs in the city of Manaus. The data collection was performed through the semi structured interview technique. The analysis of the material was done through the technique of content analysis. The ethical requirements for human research were met by this study. Results: Four categories emerged from social representations: the meaning of syphilis, the feeling of discovery, the medium of transmission and being with syphilis. Conclusion: It is concluded that syphilis is meant for women of childbearing age as a sexually transmitted, contagious disease, which causes physical and mental discomfort, which may go unnoticed or be related to divine punishment. / A sífilis adquirida é doença infectocontagiosa de transmissão sexual produzida pelo Treponema pallidum. No campo da saúde pública é um grave problema. As mulheres apresentam maiores vulnerabilidades relacionadas à aquisição de Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (IST), situação implicada pela questão de gênero e por questões sociais e culturais. Neste estudo, o referencial da teoria das representações sociais tornou possível interpretar a compreensão de mulheres sobre o processo saúde-doença da sífilis desvelando suas crenças, conceitos e julgamentos. Objetivo: Analisar as representações sociais de mulheres em idade fértil sobre o processo saúde-doença da sífilis adquirida. Método: Pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, de abordagem qualitativa, conduzida pelo referencial da Teoria das Representações Sociais. O estudo foi realizado na Fundação Alfredo da Mata, instituição vinculada à Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Estado do Amazonas. O período de coleta de dados foi de dezembro 2017 a janeiro de 2018. A amostra foi composta por 10 mulheres diagnosticadas e acompanhadas por profissionais de um centro de referência de assistência a pessoas com IST na cidade de Manaus. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio da técnica de entrevista semiestruturada. A análise do material se realizou por meio da técnica da análise de conteúdo. As exigências éticas para pesquisas em seres humanos foram atendidas por esse estudo. Resultados: Quatro categorias emergiram das representações sociais: o significado da sífilis, o sentimento da descoberta, o meio de transmissão e o estar com sífilis. Conclusão: Conclui-se que sífilis significa para as mulheres em idade fértil uma doença sexualmente transmissível, contagiosa, causadora de incômodos físicos e mentais, podendo passar despercebida pelo desconhecimento ou estar relacionada a castigo divino.

Background: After pregnancy and childbirth the female body goes through changes in both body and mind. Inadequate research has been done in the field of physical activity and exercise in postpartum women. Swedish counties has not formed a cohesive plan of antenatal care which creates variations throughout the country. Purpose: The aim for this study was to investigate how women are being informed about physical activity and exercise postpartum by Swedish healthcare. Method: To complete this study a survey was made and via a snowball sampling distributed throughout social media. Participants; 1023 women whom represented each county of Sweden. Inclusion criteria; to have given birth in Sweden the last 5 years and understand the Swedish language. Results: Women get limited oral and written information about physical activity and exercise. The information is mainly distributed by a midwife and women rarely get to meet a physiotherapist postpartum. Half of the women that did meet with a physiotherapist used the information but was in general not satisfied with its content. Conclusion: Postpartum activity and exercise is an individual process that should be exerted in consultation with a physiotherapist and the field of physiotherapy should be utilized to a greater extent in Swedish antenatal care.

This doctoral research is a contribution to the understanding of social activism and its socio-cultural formation in postcolonial Okinawa. It is based on eighteen months of fieldwork including participant observation and interviews at a public women’s organisation, Women’s Organisation Okinawa (WOO). This project centres on the lived practices of staff who attempted to produce and encourage gender equality in the public sector under neoliberal governance. I demonstrate through ethnographic analysis how the practice of law and social movements is distinct from the ideals of such movements as well as the particular individuals involved in them. WOO was established in the public sector by local government in alliance with various grassroots groups in Okinawa in the late 1990s. WOO embraced the dreams, hopes and anticipations of various actors - users and workers - who had been involved in the establishment, but in reality, it also contained various contradictions. First, WOO was a new workplace for those who wanted to work in activism and be paid for their work, but also reproduced precarious, low-waged, gendered labour. Second, WOO was a site which put law into practice, but it revealed that law internalised the inconsistency between what people had originally expected of the law and what law enacted as a result of institutionalisation. Third, WOO unexpectedly became a focal point of contact between neoliberal and feminist governance through public services and the requirements of performing accountability for citizens and for feminist activism. Thus frontline practitioners attempted to bridge the gap between ideal, reality, law and practice and to negotiate with neoliberal and feminist governance in the labour process. This thesis demonstrates how the inconsistencies between ideal and reality arose in the daily working practices of staff positioned between citizens, laws and social movements. More precisely, it explores how staff attempted to negotiate, accommodate and struggle with the gap between ideal and reality through their lived experience, rather than fiercely resisting or merely being subject to a form of governance or reality. In doing so, the thesis reveals how unstable and problematic the notion of ‘gender equality’ was as it was deployed at WOO.

Research indicates that increased knowledge about the menopause transition positively impacts a woman’s attitude about this stage in her life, and a more positive attitude leads to less distress during the transition. However, there has been no research regarding how women gain this knowledge about menopause, what factors in her environment may hinder or assist her, or how women’s knowledge of menopause is leveraged by health care providers to help facilitate her menopause transition. The purpose of this research was to explore the self-directed learning actions of women regarding their search for information about menopause, and to understand what factors, if any, may have helped or hindered her search. A convenience sample of women 35-55 years of age was invited to participate in an online survey; a total of 227 usable responses were collected. Answers were analyzed by utilizing a simple frequency distribution to illustrate more and less common responses. Chi-square tests of independence were used to examine bivariate relationships, and content analysis was used to examine free response answers. The results of this study indicated that most women did not seek information about menopause on their own. Women who sought information were primarily motivated by symptoms: what to expect, symptom relief, or validation that their experiences were normal. This study also indicated that the most utilized resource for finding information was the Internet. It also found that women need more information from the health care community than they were receiving. Findings from this study suggest a need to continue to connect adult education with health promotion. Additionally, women had a need for greater interpersonal support and beneficial interactions with the health care community. Finally, this study demonstrated that women may benefit from the normalization of menopause as a social construct. Perhaps this could best be achieved through education within larger conversations about human reproduction and about natural aging.

Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS) / The study explores trends in women’s participation in agriculture at Tshiombo Irrigation Scheme in Thulamela Municipality, Limpopo Province. The overall objective is to assess the trends in women’s participation in agricultural activities and to find out if this enhances their livelihoods. The study seeks to answer four core questions: 1) To what extent do women at Tshiombo Irrigation Scheme participate in agriculture, and what is the nature of their participation, e.g. in respect of labour provision, decision-making, and determining who benefits? (2) What are the main factors that over time lead men to withdraw from agriculture and women’s role in agriculture to become more prominent? (3) To what extent does women’s increased participation in production activities contribute to a better and more secure livelihood for themselves? (4) What are the main challenges women experiences in agriculture at Tshiombo Irrigation Scheme?Both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed in the collection and analysis of data, and a case study approach was used at three villages under study, namely Mutshenzheni,Matombotswuka and Maraxwe.The main research findings are: 1) over time, women have come to dominate farming at Tshiombo Irrigation Scheme to prevent poverty and therefore their participation improves food security in their households; 2) men’s decline in agriculture is attributed to water shortages, commitment to off-farm jobs and high production costs; 3) women are faced with a number of challenges in agricultural production which include amongst others water shortages, high input costs and lack of skill in marketing their products.The following recommendations were made: 1) government should seek ways of lowering the cost of ploughing services, whether this means encouraging farmers to return to animal traction, or encouraging more providers of tractor services, so that the prices are reduced through competition; 2) extension officers should encourage farmers to make more use of cow dung or other natural fertilizers, because this would assist in lowering input costs as well as benefiting the soil; 3) in terms of water shortages, the government is installing the floppy irrigation systems through Revitalization of Irrigation Schemes; however, in the interim,farmers should try to upgrade and maintain the storage dams which are currently not in use; 4)the re-introduction of water bailiffs could help to supervise and manage water, which in turn could ease water shortages and prevent conflict among farmers; 5) the Department of Agriculture should train women farmers in marketing skills. The study will be of primary benefit to amongst others, policy makers, scholars, and civil society organisations.

Women increasingly 'make the leap' into 'traditionally male' entrepreneurial ventures. This dissertation reviews relevant literature on what, how many, why and where women entrepreneurs in construction found their niche markets, which aspects make women unique, how poverty and unemployment hurt women and what entrepreneurial barriers women experience, comparing a developed (USA) and developing country (SA). A survey instrument was developed to test the constructs empirically and case studies illustrate the models of success. Given the excellent results of the Cronbach Alpha and Factor Analysis, the instrument developed proved to be reliable and valid and could be used for similar studies. The case- and empirical studies analyse women ownership attitudes and push and pull factors to determine why women became entrepreneurs in construction. The main findings are: 1. Women took up their rightful place as construction entrepreneurs. It is a myth that they are only labourers. 2. Differences and similarities; SA-USA: In the USA women are mostly ‘Corporate Entrepreneurs’ and in SA they are mainly ‘Entrepreneurs’. They agree that their associations are successful in promoting women in construction. 3. Positive pull factors are the main reason why women are in construction as they demonstrate entrepreneurial behaviour and characteristics. 4. Negative push factors, e.g. “need to make a living” are a lesser reason. 5. Gender discrimination can become fatal barriers for successful women entrepreneurs. 6. The majority of respondents see themselves as successful and intent on developing key aspects of their businesses to expand their competitive edge. 7. SAWiC played a pioneering role in developing a database to prevent clients from justifying their non-compliance of the law in terms of non-availability of women entrepreneurs in construction. / Thesis (PhD (Entrepreneurship))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Business Management / unrestricted

Utilizing a gender-based violence approach, this study investigated service delivery realities for a Moroccan women’s centre serving unwed mothers and their babies. Primary research methods included participant observation and semi-structured interviews (n=20) with unwed mothers and centre staff. This study aimed to determine what factors lead mothers to seek assistance, types of assistance offered, and challenges and future opportunities for services. Findings indicate a lack of social support to mothers, lack of social and economic support for the centre and reduced service capacity, and the use of deceit in interactions between mothers and staff rooted in cultural notions of shame. Future opportunities for program development and sustainability are discussed. This work hopes to contribute to a richer understanding of gender-based violence in local contexts through the investigation of unwed mother’s experiences of gender-based violence in Moroccan society and how these experiences impact the reality and capabilities of social service provision.

The Islamic legislative drafting methodology is meant to bring the family law of Islamic countries into line with current conceptions of gender equality found not only in the West but in Islamic law (the shari’a) as well. The methodology involves identifying the fundamental principles of shari’a and recognizing that they must be adapted to the socio-economic conditions in which they are to be applied.