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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Die behandeling van zero-ekwivalensie in tweetalige woordeboeke

Rademeyer, Linda 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In lexicography different types of equivalent relations can be identified regarding bilingual dictionaries namely full equivalence, partial equivalence and zero equivalence. Zero equivalence prevails where the target language has no item to be co-coordinated as a translation equivalent with a lemma representing a source language item. Lexical gaps occur where a language lacks a word for a given concept. Dagut (1981) identifies different types of semantic gaps in the transfer of a text from one language to another. He distinguishes between gaps due to linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. These two categories are called linguistic and referential gaps respectively. A solution for the above mentioned lexicographic problem is given in the present theory of zero equivalence namely surrogate equivalents. The present theory of zero equivalence is expanded in this thesis by making specific reference to its occurrence in Pharos (2005). Different factors that lead to zero-equivalence are discussed and these factors are used to identify different types of zero equivalence. These types of zero equivalence are the following: zero equivalence caused by linguistic and referential gaps as well as grammatical zero equivalence and partial zero equivalence. In a multilingual society like South Africa where many different culture groups exist and people are encouraged to learn an additional language many different types of bilingual dictionaries are needed. When two languages are compared with each other during the compilation of a bilingual dictionary the lexicographer will always be confronted with zero equivalence, especially when the users of the two languages have vastly different cultures. Thus it is necessary to expand on the present theory of zero equivalence within the South African context. In the last section of the thesis the different options at the lexicographer‟s disposal in dealing with the different types of zero equivalence are discussed. Another aspect that gets attention throughout this thesis is the dictionary users of certain dictionaries, among others Pharos (2005), and their specific needs. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die leksikografie word daar tussen verskillende ekwivalentverhoudinge wat in tweetalige woordeboeke voorkom, onderskei, naamlik absolute ekwivalensie, gedeeltelike ekwivalensie en zero-ekwivalensie. Zero-ekwivalensie ontstaan wanneer die doeltaal nie ‟n item het wat as ‟n vertaalekwivalent gekoördineer kan word met ‟n lemma van die brontaal nie. Leksikale gapings kom voor wanneer ‟n taal nie ‟n woord vir ‟n spesifieke konsep het nie. Dagut (1981) identifiseer verskillende semantiese gapings na aanleiding van linguistiese en ekstra-linguistiese faktore. Hierdie twee kategorieë staan afsonderlik as linguistiese en referensiële gapings bekend. ‟n Oplossing vir dié leksikografiese probleem is surrogaatekwivalente, wat in die bestaande teorie van zero-ekwivalensie aanbeveel word. Hierdie tesis brei uit op die bestaande teorie van zero-ekwivalensie in die leksikografie deur onder andere spesifiek na die hantering daarvan in Pharos (2005) te verwys. Daar word aandag geskenk aan die verskillende faktore wat aanleiding tot die verskynsel van zero-ekwivalensie gee. Op grond van hierdie faktore word verskillende tipes zero-ekwivalensie geïdentifiseer; naamlik zero-ekwivalensie wat as gevolg van linguistiese of referensiële gapings ontstaan asook grammatiese zero-ekwivalensie en gedeeltelike zero-ekwivalensie. In ‟n meertalige gemeenskap soos Suid-Afrika waar daar verskeie kultuurgroepe voorkom en mense aangemoedig word om ‟n addisionele taal aan te leer, word verskeie soorte tweetalige woordeboeke benodig. Wanneer enige twee tale vergelyk word, word die leksikograaf met zero-ekwivalensie gekonfronteer veral wanneer die taalpaar wat in die tweetalige woordeboek aan bod kom wat kultuur betref uitermate van mekaar verskil. Dit is dus nodig om binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks die teorie van zero-ekwivalensie uit te brei. Daar word in die laaste afdeling van hierdie tesis aandag geskenk aan die verskillende opsies wat die leksikograaf tot sy beskikking het om die verskillende tipes zero-ekwivalensie te hanteer. Nog ‟n aspek wat deurgaans aandag geniet, is die gebruikers van spesifieke woordeboeke, byvoorbeeld Pharos (2005), en die behoeftes van dié gebruikers.
2

Gebruikersperspektief in die Afrikaanse leksikografie

Fouche-Van der Merwe, Michele 03 1900 (has links)
288 leaves single sided printed, preliminary pages and numbered pages 1-275. Includes bibliography. Digitized using a Bizhub 250 Scanner to pdf format (OCR). / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 1999. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to investigate the user perspective in Afrikaans lexicography. Placing the user and his needs first, research was done to determine the user-friendliness of Afrikaans dictionaries. In order to conduct such research user target groups had to be identified. This was problematic, since until now, almost no research on Afrikaans dictionary users had been done. An overview of the research on the user perspective is given in the first chapter. Since the teaching of dictionary use in schools forms a substantial part of the user perspective, the present state was investigated. As a result the necessity of teaching of dictionary use in schools has been emphasized and some improvements in this regard have been suggested. The following Afrikaans dictionaries were studied to determine their userfriendliness: Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (HAT) and Verklarende Afrikaanse Woordeboek (VAW), Basiswoordeboek van Afrikaans (BA), Reader's Digest Afrikaans-Engelse Woordeboek/English-Afrikaans Dictionarv (RD) and Groot Tesourus van Afrikaans (GT). These dictionaries were investigated with regard to their functions, textual segments and transfer of information. Some more user-friendly models for dictionaries have been suggested. The study is aimed at the metalexicographer, since it has been approached from a theoretical point of view, but also at the practical lexicographer because practical dictionary use has been investigated. Ultimately, it is hoped that this study will contribute towards more user-friendly dictionaries that put the user first. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie is om die gebruikersperspektief in die Afrikaanse leksikografie na te vors. In die studie word die gebruiker en sy behoeftes sentraal gestel en daar word nagevors in watter mate Afrikaanse woordeboeke hul gebruikers ter wille is. Vir so 'n studie moet gebruikersgroepe geidentifiseer word en dit op sigself is problematies, aangesien daar feitlik geen navorsing oor Afrikaanse woordeboekgebruikers tot op hede onderneem is nie. 'n Oorsig oor navorsing oor die gebruikersperspektief in die Afrikaanse leksikografie word in die eerste hoofstuk verskaf. 'n Wesenlike deel van die gebruikersperspektief is 'n studie van die stand van woordeboekonderrig in Suid-Afrikaanse skole. Die noodsaaklikheid van woordeboekonderrig in skole word beklemtoon en die huidige stand van sake word ondersoek. Etlike voorstelle word gemaak om woordeboekonderrig in skole te verbeter. Die gebruikersvriendelikheid van verskeie Afrikaanse woordeboeke, te wete Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (HAT) en Verklarende Afrikaanse Woordeboek (VAW), Basiswoordeboek van Afrikaans (BA), Reader's Digest Afrikaans-Engelse Woordeboek/English-Afrikaans Dictionary (RD), Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (WAT) en Groot Tesourus van Afrikaans (GT) word getoets aan die hand van hul funksies, tekstuele segmente en ontsluiting van inligtingstipes. Verder word gebruikersvriendeliker modelle van woordeboeke voorgestel. Hierdie studie is gerig op die metaleksikograaf, aangesien dit vanuit 'n teoretiese perspektief onderneem is, maar ook op die praktiese leksikograaf, aangesien die praktiese gebruik van woordeboeke bestudeer is. Die oogmerk van die studie is om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die skep van meer gebruikersgerigte woordeboeke waarin die gebruiker en sy behoeftes sentraal gestel word.
3

'n Evaluering van die semantiese inligting in die verklarende handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse taal

Fouche, Michele 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA (Afrikaans Language))--University of Stellenbosch, 1990. / 199 leaves single sided printed, preliminary pages and numbered pages 1-187. Includes bibliography. Digitized using a Bizhub 250 Scanner to pdf format (OCR). / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: An evaluation of semantic information in a dictionary must take into account all aspects of meaning of lexical items. Therefore the different homonyms and polysemous senses of lexical items and the underlying semantic relations between lexical items are accounted for. A description should be given of the lexical items which form the macrostructure of HAT. These lexical items include sublexical, multilexical and free lexical items. The treatment of multilexical items in HAT is not satisfactory at present and suggestions are made for the improvement of the situation. Possible solutions for distinguishing between homonymy and polysemy are given. Suggestions to determine the possible polysemous senses of a lexical item are also made. The ordering of polysemous senses and different homonyms are discussed. It is essential to make use of a synchronic criterion to distinguish between homonymy and polysemy. The HAT's treatment of semantic relations between lexical items is not always very succesfull. The semantic relation which receives the most substantial treatment is that of semantic inclusion between lexical items. The HAT's treatment of synonyms is not without problems. More attention should be given to semantic linking and semantic opposition between lexical items. An evaluation of the system of cross-references in HAT is given, with special reference to the function of cross-references. Sometimes indistinct typographical conventions are used and they confuse the user of the dictionary. The indistinct use of typographical conventions has a detrimental influence on the transfer of information. The cross-reference system of HAT can be improved by an informative explanation in the general introduction, focusing on ways and means to use it more specifically, unambiguously and consistently. A distinction is made between various types of definitions used to define lemmas. Well known lexicographic definitions such as definitions per genus et differentia, synonymdefinitions, example definitions, circular definitions and descriptive definitions are discussed. The usage definition and two definitions which explicate a semantic plus value, the contrast and diminutive definitions, are identified. Attention is also given to the role of the general introduction in a standard synchronic dictionary. Suggestions are made to improve the general introduction of HAT. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wanneer semantiese inligting in 'n woordeboek ondersoek word, word alle aspekte van leksikale items se betekenis in ag geneem. Dit sluit homonimiese vorme en polisemiese onderskeidinge van leksikale items in, asook die semantiese betrekkinge wat leksikale items onderling met mekaar aangaan. Die leksikale items wat die makrostruktuur van die HAT vorm, word beskryf. Dit sluit subleksikale, multileksikale en vrye leksikale items in. Verskillende tipes multileksikale en subleksikale items word onderskei. Tans word multileksikale items in HAT nie na wense hanteer nie en voorstelle word aan die hand gedoen hoe die stelsel verbeter kan word. Moontlike oplossings vir die onderskeidingsprobleem tussen homonimie en polisemie, asook maniere waarop 'n leksikale item se polisemiese onderskeidinge vasgestel kan word, word verskaf. Aandag word ook aan die ordening van polisemiese onderskeidinge en homonimiese vorme gegee. Dit is belangrik dat 'n sinchroniese maatstaf gebruik word om tussen homonimie en polisemie te onderskei. Semantiese betrekkinge tussen leksikale items word met 'n wisselende mate van sukses deur HAT hanteer. Semantiese insluiting tussen leksikale items word die meeste beskryf. Daar bestaan egter probleme by die hantering van sinonimie tussen leksikale items. Semantiese aansluiting tussen leksikale items word min deur die woordeboek aangedui. Semantiese opposisie tussen leksikale items kan ook meer deur die HAT aangedui word. Die kruisverwysingstelsel van die HAT word ondersoek. Funksies van kruisverwysings word beskryf. Kruisverwysings word wel deur die HAT redaksie gebruik, maar hulle kan nog meer gebruik word. Soms word onduidelike tipografiese konvensies gebruik en dit het swak inligtingsoordrag tot gevolg. Die kruisverwysingstelsel van die HAT kan verbeter word deur dit in die toeligtende aantekeninge te verduidelik, spesifiek en ondubbelsinnig toe te pas en deur dit konsekwent te gebruik. Verskillende tipes definisies waarmee leksikale items gedefinieer word, word onderskei. Bekende leksikografiese definisies soos genus-differentia-definisies, sinoniemdefinisies, voorbeelddefinisies, sirkeldefinisies en deskriptiewe definisies word bespreek. Die gebruiksdefinisie en twee definsies wat semantiese pluswaardes ekspliseer, naamlik die teenstellingsdefinisie en die verkleiningsdefinisie,word geidentifiseer. Die rol van toeligtende aantekeninge in 'n handwoordeboek word bespreek. Daar word gewys op die swak toeligtende aantekeninge van die HAT. Voorstelle word gedoen oor hoe die hantering van semantiese inligting in die toeligtende aantekeninge verduidelik moet.
4

Exploring the use of parallel corpora in the complilation of specialised bilingual dictionaries of technical terms: a case study of English and isiXhosa

Shoba, Feziwe Martha 07 1900 (has links)
Text in English / Abstracts in English, isiXhosa and Afrikaans / The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996, mandates the state to take practical and positive measures to elevate the status and the use of indigenous languages. The implementation of this pronouncement resulted in a growing demand for specialised translations in fields like technology, science, commerce, law and finance. The lack of terminology and resources such as specialised bilingual dictionaries in indigenous languages, particularly isiXhosa remains a growing concern that hinders the translation and the intellectualisation of isiXhosa. A growing number of African scholars affirm the importance of specialised dictionaries in the African languages as tools for language and terminology development so that African languages can be used in the areas of science and technology. In the light of the background above, this study explored how parallel corpora can be interrogated using a bilingual concordancer, ParaConc to extract bilingual terminology that can be used to create specialised bilingual dictionaries. A corpus-based approach was selected due to its speed, efficiency and accuracy in extracting bilingual terms in their immediate contexts. In enhancing the research outcomes, Descriptive Translations Studies (DTS) and Corpus-based translation studies (CTS) were used in a complementary manner. Because the study is interdisciplinary, the function theories of lexicography that emphasise the function and needs of users were also applied. The analysis and extraction of bilingual terminology for dictionary making was successful through the use of the following ParaConc features, namely frequencies, hot word lists, hot words, search facility and concordances (Key Word in Context), among others. The findings revealed that English-isiXhosa Parallel Corpus is a repository of translation equivalents and other information categories that can make specialised dictionaries more user-friendly and multifunctional. The frequency lists were revealed as an effective method of selecting headwords for inclusion in a dictionary. The results also unraveled the complex functions of bilingual concordances where information on collocations and multiword units, sense distinction and usage examples could be easily identifiable proving that this approach is more efficient than the traditional method. The study contributes to the knowledge on corpus-based lexicography, standardisation of finance terminology resource development and making of user-friendly dictionaries that are tailor-made for different needs of users. / Umgaqo-siseko weli loMzantsi Afrika ukhululele uRhulumente ukuba athabathe amanyathelo abonakalayo ekuphuhliseni nasekuphuculeni iilwimi zesiNtu. Esi sindululo sibangele ukwanda kokuguqulelwa kwamaxwebhu angezobuchwepheshe, inzululwazi, umthetho, ezemali noqoqosho angesiNgesi eguqulelwa kwiilwimi ebezifudula zingasiwe-so ezinjengesiXhosa. Ukunqongophala kwesigama kunye nezichazi-magama kube yingxaki enkulu ekuguquleleni ngakumbi izichazi-magama ezilwimi-mbini eziqulethe isigama esikhethekileyo. Iingcali ezininzi ziyangqinelana ukuba olu hlobo lwezi zichazi-magama luyimfuneko kuba ludlala iindima enkulu ekuphuhlisweni kweelwimi zesiNtu, ekuyileni isigama, nasekusetyenzisweni kwazo kumabakala obunzululwazi nobuchwepheshe. Olu phando ke luvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwekhophasi equlethe amaxwebhu esiNgesi neenguqulelo zawo zesiXhosa njengovimba wokudimbaza isigama sezemali esinokunceda ekuqulunqweni kwesichazi-magama esilwimi-mbini. Isizathu esibangele ukukhetha le ndlela yophando esebenzisa ikhompyutha kukuba iyakhawuleza, ulwazi oluthathwe kwikhophasi luchanekile, yaye isigama kwikhophasi singqamana ngqo nomxholo wamaxwebhu nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukufumana iintsingiselo nemizekelo ephilayo. Ukutyebisa olu phando indlela yekhophasi iye yaxhaswa zezinye iindlela zophando ezityunjiweyo: ufundo lwenguguqulelo oluchazayo (DTS) kunye neendlela zokuguqulela ezijoliswe kumsebenzi nakuhlobo lwabasebenzisi zinguqulelo ezo. Kanti ke ziqwalaselwe neenkqubo zophando lobhalo-zichazi-magama eziinjongo zokuqulunqa izichazi-magama ezesebenzisekayo neziluncedo kuninzi lwabasebenzisi zichazi-magama ngakumbi kwisizwe esisebenzisa iilwimi ezininzi. Ukuhlalutya nokudimbaza isigama kwikhophasi kolu phando kusetyenziswe isixhobo sekhompyutha esilungiselelwe ikhophasi enelwiimi ezimbini nangaphezulu ebizwa ngokuba yiParaConc. Iziphumo zolu phando zibonise mhlophe ukuba ikhophasi eneenguqulelo nguvimba weendidi ngendidi zamagama nolwazi olunokuphucula izichazi-magama zeli xesha. Kaloku abaguquleli basebenzise amaqhinga ngamaqhinga ukunika iinguqulelo bekhokelwa yimigomo nemithetho yoguqulelo enxuse abasebenzisi bamaxwebhu aguqulelweyo. Ubuchule beParaConc bokukwazi ukuhlela amagama ngokwendlela afumaneka ngayo kunye neenkcukacha zamanani budandalazise indlela eyiyo yokukhetha imichazwa enokungena kwisichazi-magama. Iziphumo zikwabonakalise iintlaninge yolwazi olufumaneka kwiKWIC, lwazi olo olungelula ukulufumana xa usebenzisa undlela-ndala wokwakha isichazi-magama. Esi sifundo esihlanganyele uGuqulelo olusekelwe kwiKhophasi noQulunqo-zichazi-magama zobuchwepheshe luya kuba negalelo elingathethekiyo kwindlela yokwakha izichazi-magama kwilwiimi zeSintu ngokubanzi nancakasana kwisiXhosa, nto leyo eya kothula umthwalo kubaqulunqi-zichazi-magama. Ukwakha nokuqulunqa izichazi-magama ezilwimi-mbini zezemali kuya kwandisa imithombo yesigama esinqongopheleyo kananjalo sivelise izichazi-magama eziluncedo kwisininzi sabantu. / Die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Wet 108 van 1996, gee aan die staat die mandaat om praktiese en positiewe maatreëls te tref om die status en gebruik van inheemse tale te verhoog. Die implementering van hierdie uitspraak het gelei tot ’n toenemende vraag na gespesialiseerde vertalings in domeine soos tegnologie, wetenskap, handel, regte en finansies. Die gebrek aan terminologie en hulpbronne soos gespesialiseerde woordeboeke in inheemse tale, veral Xhosa, wek toenemende kommer wat die vertaling en die intellektualisering van Xhosa belemmer. ’n Toenemende aantal vakkundiges in Afrika beklemtoon die belangrikheid van gespesialiseerde woordeboeke in die Afrikatale as instrumente vir taal- en terminologie-ontwikkeling sodat Afrikatale gebruik kan word in die areas van wetenskap en tegnologie. In die lig van die voorafgaande agtergrond het hierdie studie ondersoek ingestel na hoe parallelle korpora deursoek kan word deur ’n tweetalige konkordanser (ParaConc) te gebruik om tweetalige terminologie te ontgin wat gebruik kan word in die onwikkeling van tweetalige gespesialiseerde woordeboeke. ’n Korpusgebaseerde benadering is gekies vir die spoed, doeltreffendheid en akkuraatheid waarmee dit tweetalige terme uit hulle onmiddellike kontekste kan onttrek. Beskrywende Vertaalstudies (DTS) en Korpusgebaseerde Vertaalstudies (CTS) is op ’n aanvullende wyse gebruik om die navorsingsuitkomste te verbeter. Aangesien die studie interdissiplinêr is, is die funksieteorieë van leksikografie wat die funksie en behoeftes van gebruikers beklemtoon, ook toegepas. Die analise en ontginning van tweetalige terminologie om woordeboeke te ontwikkel was suksesvol deur, onder andere, gebruik te maak van die volgende ParaConc-eienskappe, naamlik, frekwensies, hotword-lyste, hot words, die soekfunksie en konkordansies (Sleutelwoord-in-Konteks). Die bevindings toon dat ’n Engels-Xhosa Parallelle Korpus ’n bron van vertaalekwivalente en ander inligtingskategorieë is wat gespesialiseerde woordeboeke meer gebruikersvriendelik en multifunksioneel kan maak. Die frekwensielyste is geïdentifiseer as ’n doeltreffende metode om hoofwoorde te selekteer wat opgeneem kan word in ’n woordeboek. Die bevindings het ook die komplekse funksies van tweetalige konkordansers ontknoop waar inligting oor kollokasies en veelvuldigewoord-eenhede, betekenisonderskeiding en gebruiksvoorbeelde maklik identifiseer kon word wat aandui dat hierdie metode viii doeltreffender is as die tradisionele metode. Die studie dra by tot die kennisveld van korpusgebaseerde leksikografie, standaardisering van finansiële terminologie, hulpbronontwikkeling en die ontwikkeling van gebruikersvriendelike woordeboeke wat doelgemaak is vir verskillende behoeftes van gebruikers. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics (Translation Studies))

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