Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009 / O presente estudo caracteriza-se por ser uma pesquisa qualitativa em saúde e ambiente, que tem como objetivo conhecer a percepção de riscos ambientais e as estratégias de enfrentamento dos problemas de saúde e ambiente dos trabalhadores(as) catadores(as) de materiais recicláveis, do Aterro Controlado de Jardim Gramacho (ACJG), de Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro/RJ. Como instrumento de coleta de dados, optou-se pela entrevista semi-estruturada com informantes-chave, complementada com a observação participante e com registros feitos a partir de caderneta de campo. Foram entrevistados(as) vinte e nove trabalhadores(as) catadores(as), sendo treze pertencentes à Associação dos Catadores de Materiais Recicláveis de Jardim Gramacho (ACAMJG) e dezesseis da Cooperativa de Gramacho (COOPERGRAMACHO), sendo catorze homens e quinze mulheres, com uma média de idade de 40 anos. Estes trabalhadores atuavam como catadores, em média, há quinze anos e apresentavam baixo nível de escolaridade, sendo cerca de 17% de analfabetos e 65% com ensino fundamental incompleto. Os dados, analisados por meio da Análise do Conteúdo, geraram resultados que evidenciaram ser a catação de materiais recicláveis, no ACJG uma atividade perigosa e insalubre, embora, constitua-se na única forma de sobrevivência da grande maioria dos trabalhadores(as) catadores(as). A análise da percepção de risco ambiental mostrou que, em razão dessa luta pela sobrevivência, os trabalhadores negligenciavam aspectos mínimos de segurança, minimizando os riscos e, em muitos casos, negando o perigo, configurando uma ideologia defensiva no grupo que, em última instância, era o mecanismo encontrado para o enfrentamento das cotidianas situações de risco a que estão submetidos, de modo a permitir sua manutenção na prática da catação. / This study is based on qualitative environmental health research techniques, aiming to understand risk perception among recycling material collectors working in a controlled sanitary garbage deposal unity in Jardim Gramacho (ACJG), Duque de Caxias Municipality, Rio de Janeiro State. As a data collection instrument, semi-structured interviews with key-informants were used, complemented with participatory observations with field notebook registers. Twenty-nine workers were interviewed, thirteen from the Jardim Gramacho Collectors Association (ACAMJG) and sixteen from the Gramacho Cooperative (COOPERGRAMACHO), fourteen men and fifteen women, with 40 years-old in average. These workers were in recycling material collecting business for fifteen years in average and had a low educational level, being 17% of them illiterate and 65% with incomplete elementary school degree. Data analyzed using Content Analysis techniques revealed that recycling material collecting is a dangerous and unhealthy activity, but is the only activity available for the workers survival. Risk perception analyses showed that due this survival need, most of the workers neglected environmental and health risks and minimum safety procedures, characterizing risk denial and danger minimizing. This configured a defensive ideology that, in a complementary analysis, the pathway these workers found to face risk situations common in their work quotidian.

In this dissertation I am analysing certain aspects of labour, especially the ones that are of significant interest to moral philosophy within the church and its catholic doctrine. In the same time I identify the foundation for freedom and dignity of labouring human being that are being degraded especially in the present time economisation process. Further, I outline the issues associated with the changes within the division of labour from industrial revolution to present day and in the same time I present issues connected with labouring human being vs. human capital. Because freedom is the foundation of humanity I also describe issues connected with human rights in the context of universal and natural law. In this way I analyse Universal Declaration of Human Rights and its defence in an intercultural environment. Lastly, besides those theoretical concepts, I evaluate an Amnesty International CR project called "Business That is Worth It" which aims at supporting companies to a responsible management of employees rights protection especially in developing countries.

Med tiden och utvecklingen av ny teknik skapas förutsättningar för nya industriella revolutioner vilka historiskt har förändrat produktionsindustrin radikalt. Industri 4.0 är vägen till nästa paradigmskifte och ska med implementering av smart teknik möjliggöra en mer flexibel och effektiv produktion. Samtidigt har frågan ställts om den kommande revolutionen kommer att vara en hållbar lösning ur ett ekonomiskt, ekologiskt och socialt perspektiv. I den här studien har en empirisk studie på de två svenska företagen Scania AB och Atlas Copco utförts för att ta reda på om Industri 4.0 kommer innebära en ekonomisk tillväxt samt om arbetsförhållanden kommer att förändras. Arbetet inleddes med en litteraturstudie i form av en teoristudie på hållbar produktion, smart tillverkning och Industri 4.0. Med erhållen information kunde en förstudie med specifika sökningar utföras på vetenskapliga artiklar om Industri 4.0 och dess påverkan ekonomiskt och socialt, parallellt som frågor dokumenterades för att förbereda en intervjustudie på de ovannämnda företagen. Slutligen kunde all insamlad fakta och data analyseras för att angripa arbetets frågeställning och underfrågor. Utifrån den sociala aspekten visade studien på att en möjlig drivkraft till varför ett svenskt företag idag behöver nå Industri 4.0 är att intresset för traditionellt montörsarbete har minskat från arbetstagarna och med smart teknik kan automatiseringen minska beroendet av människan. Vidare kommer arbetsuppgifter på verkstadsgolvet förändras till att handla om interaktion med automatiserad teknik. Människan spelar fortfarande en stor roll vilket medför att behovet av arbetskraft kommer kvarstå men med fokus på nya kompetenser hos den anställde. Kunskaper kring IT-teknik prioriteras med den kommande systemkomplexiteten vilken smart tillverkning medför och med det behöver industriella produktionsföretag locka ny kompetent personal parallellt med utbildning av existerande. Ny personal kommer lära sig arbetsuppgifter enkelt via hjälpande verktyg samt digitala realtidsinstruktioner och på så sätt förenklas vägarna till att införskaffa och upprätthålla kompetent personal. Det historiskt påverkande problemet inom produktionsarbete med utarbetad och skadad personal kan med de nya produktionsverktygen minimeras tack vare ergonomiska och assisterande verktygslösningar samt digitaliserade utbildningar i en verklig arbetsorienterad miljö. Det ekonomiska perspektivet visade i studien att det finns nya värdeskapande processer och därmed nya affärsmodeller som alla försöker leverera skräddarsydda lösningar till kunderna. En utav dessa är den resultatbaserade affärsmodellen som går ut på att tillfredsställa behov innan de ens uppstår. Den bygger mycket på att smarta sensorer placeras i produkter för att kunna samla in en stor mängd data som sedan ska kunna analyseras för att till exempel se om delar behöver bytas ut. Ytterligare en ekonomisk konsekvens som förväntas av Industri 4.0 är att företag kommer vilja inkorporera smart teknologi i produktionen där alla maskiner är uppkopplade och utbyter data och information. Anledningen är att på samma sätt som den resultatbaserade ekonomin, så ska data tala om hur maskiner och människor presterar och mjukvaran kan därmed föreslå förbättringar som ska i längden leda till ökad produktivitet, kvalité och effektivitet. / With time and development of new technology, premises for a new industrial revolution which historically have radically changed the production-industry have emerged. Industry 4.0 is the road to the next paradigm shift, and with implementation of new smart technology, will enable a more flexible and effective production. At the same time, questions have been asked if the coming revolution would mean a sustainable solution from an economical, ecologic and social perspective. In this paper, an empirical study has been done on the two Swedish companies Scania AB and Atlas Copco to find out if Industry 4.0 will ensue in an economical growth and better working conditions for the workers. This study began with a research in the form of a literature study on sustainable production, Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing. With the obtained information, more specific searches could be made on scientific articles about Industry 4.0 and its economic and social impact, while on the side, questions were written down to prepare an interview study for the previously named companies. Finally, all the collected facts and data was analyzed to attempt to answer this papers issue and sub questions. From the social aspect point of view, this study showed a potential driving force to why a Swedish company today needs to go for Industry 4.0. It is that the interest for traditional manufacturing work has decreased and with automation, manufacturing is less dependent on the human. Furthermore, the work tasks on the shop-floor will change to interacting with automated technology. Humans will still be important which means the need for labour will remain but with higher prerequisites for the employees - especially education. Knowledge about IT will be prioritized with the coming system. Complexity which is brought by smart manufacturing, and with that, industry companies will have to attract new competent employees as the same time as they form and educate the old ones. New employees will be able to learn work tasks easily thanks to Virtual Reality technology and by so,  opening moreways for the company to acquire competent personnel. The historically-known problem of outburned or injured employees will be minimized thanks to new assisted tools and digitalized employee-training in a real and work-oriented environment. The economical perspective showed in this paper that there are new value creating processes and therefore new business models that try to supply tailor-made solutions to the customers. One out of these models is the outcome-business-model that focuses on satisfying the customer’s needs before they even appear. To be able to do this, smart sensors are placed in products to collect a large amount of data that will be analysed to see if some parts need replacement for instance. Another economical consequence that is expected from Industry 4.0 is that companies will try to incorporate smart technology in the production line where all machines will be connected to a network and able to exchange data and information. The reason is similar to the outcome-based-business-model, where the data will tell how machines and people perform and the software will there be able to suggest areas of improvement and lead to increased productivity, effectivity and enhanced quality.

Ce mémoire s’intéresse à l’expérience du travail à la pige chez les technicien·ne·s en cinéma et télévision au Québec. Dans un contexte de transformations de l’industrie audiovisuelle, de discours sur la dégradation des conditions de travail dans ce secteur et de mutation générale des rapports de travail, nous tentons de saisir la façon dont ces travailleur·se·s particulièrement atypiques et invisibles vivent leur métier et leur statut. Plus précisément, nous documentons l’expérience concrète et quotidienne de la précarité d’emploi qui est souvent associée à ce milieu et proposons un ancrage empirique à ce concept. Pour ce faire, nous avons réalisé dix entretiens semi-dirigés avec des technicien·ne·s de différents corps de métier. À partir de l’idéaltype d’intégration professionnelle et du concept de rapport au travail et à l’emploi développés par Paugam (2000), nous analysons ce corpus et observons deux types d’intégration propices à l’émergence de formes diverses de précarité : l’intégration « incertaine » et « laborieuse », qui témoignent de rapports ambivalents à plusieurs aspects du travail et de l’emploi. Ces constats informent sur le contenu possible de la précarité qui est généralement associée à l’emploi atypique. Dans une deuxième portion d’analyse, nous révélons une série de stratégies individuelles de gestion de la précarité, mettant en relief l’importance des réseaux de relations et la diversification des activités dans le contrôle de l’instabilité d’emploi. On note à cet égard une tendance à la responsabilisation individuelle face aux risques du travail précaire, qui ne sont que partiellement absorbés par la protection sociale étatique et syndicale. Au terme de ces analyses, nous proposons des pistes de réflexion sur les liens qui unissent la hausse du travail atypique et le travail précaire en audiovisuel. Les transformations du rôle de l’État et la construction d’une nouvelle rationalité néolibérale sont mobilisées pour éclairer notre exploration de l’expérience individuelle et de l’organisation du travail en cinéma et télévision. / This thesis examines the experience of freelance work among film and television technicians in Quebec. In a context of transformation of audiovisual industry, of speeches on the deterioration of its working conditions and a constantly changing world of work, we propose an analysis of the reality of these particularly atypical and invisible workers. More specifically, we focus on their concrete and daily experience of job precarity which is often associated with this industry, proposing an empirical base to this concept. To this end, we interviewed ten audiovisual workers from diverse technical departments. Firstly, based on the concepts of professional integration « ideal type » and « relationship to work and employment » developed by Paugam (2000), we analyze this corpus and observe two types of professional integration: the « uncertains » and the « laborious », which inform on the different forms of precarity and shows the ambivalence toward it. Secondly, we present various individual strategies developed by these workers to deal with precarity, pointing out the importance of networks and diversification of economic activities in the job instability control. In that regard, we note a trend toward individual accountability and responsibility for the risks of precarious employment, which are partly absorbed by state and union protection. To conclude, we share a few thoughts on the links between flexible and atypical work and precarity in the audiovisual industry. We explore the transformation of the state’s role and the rise of a neoliberal rationality in light of the individual experience and work organization in film and television industry.

Ce mémoire se penche sur la co-construction du rapport au travail et au syndicalisme des enseignant·e·s du secteur scolaire québécois membres d’un syndicat local affilié à la Fédération autonome de l’enseignement (FAE). D’une part, il pose le problème de « l’impasse » du syndicalisme nord-américain (MacDonald 2014) dans l’optique d’une métamorphose de « l’esprit du syndicalisme » (Goldthorpe et al 1972). D’autre part, il opère un dialogue entre les conceptions de la citoyenneté de Christopher McAll (1999, 2009) et la thèse de Rolande Pinard (2000, 2008 ; 2018) quant à la mutation du sens social-politique (ouvrier ou syndical) au profit de l’invention managériale de la catégorie de l’emploi. En mobilisant le concept de rapport au travail et l’approche compréhensive de la perspective des parcours de vie et professionnels (Côté 2013 ; Demazière 2019), il (re)construit les expériences de travail et syndicales de trois des neuf enseignant·e·s rencontré·e·s afin de dégager les significations que ces personnes octroient à leur travail ainsi qu’au syndicalisme. L’analyse des matériaux de recherche confirme partiellement la thèse de Pinard. Elle démontre que la catégorie de l’emploi occupe une place déterminante dans l’appréhension du syndicalisme chez les participant·e·s. Par ailleurs, en se saisissant exclusivement du regard « d’en bas », c’est-à-dire des expériences des membres non-élu·e·s (MNE) et des personnes déléguées (PD), l’analyse déployée dans ce mémoire permet également de saisir la transversalité et la singularité des événements, activités et rencontres interpersonnelles qui façonnent, dans l’espace et dans le temps, le rapport au travail et au syndicalisme des personnes enquêtées, lesquels sont traversés par des rapports de pouvoir (intra et inter syndicaux) ainsi que trois univers sociosémantiques : 1) celui de la famille ; 2) celui de la gestion/pensée experte et 3) de la religion. Trois figures ont été pensées pour illustrer les situations et réalités sociales qui modulent le rapport au syndicalisme des enseignant·e·s interrogé·e·s : 1) celle du syndicat presque-fantôme et la notion d’illusion syndicale ; 2) celle du syndicat-manager et 3) celle du syndicat-taylorisé. / This dissertation examines the co-construction of the relationship to work and unionism among teachers in the Quebec school sector who are members of a local union affiliated with the Fédération autonome de l'enseignement (FAE). On the one hand, it poses the problem of the "impasse" of North American unionism (MacDonald 2014) from the perspective of a metamorphosis of the "spirit of unionism" (Goldthorpe et al 1972). On the other hand, it operates a dialogue between Christopher McAll's (1999, 2009) conceptions of citizenship and Rolande Pinard's (2000, 2008; 2018) thesis on the mutation of the social-political meaning (worker or trade union) in favour of the managerial invention of the employment category. By mobilizing the concept of relationship to work and the comprehensive approach of the life-course and career perspective (Côté 2013; Demazière 2019), it (re)constructs the work and union experiences of the teachers met in order to identify the meanings that they attribute to their work and to unionism. The analysis of the research materials partially confirms Pinard's thesis. It shows that the employment category plays a decisive role in the participants understanding of unionism. Moreover, by looking exclusively from "below", i.e. from the experiences of non-elected members (MNEs) and delegates (PDs), the analysis in this dissertation also makes it possible to grasp the transversality and singularity of the events, activities and interpersonal encounters that shape, in space and time, the relationship to work and trade unionism of the persons surveyed, which are traversed by power relationships (inside and between trade union) as well as three socio-semantic universes: 1) related to family; 2) management/expert thought and 3) religion. Three figures have been thought to illustrate the social situations and realities that modulate the relationship to unionism of the teachers interviewed: 1) that of the near-ghost union and the notion of union illusion ; 2) that of the union-manager and 3) that of the taylorized union.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / From 1851 to 1954, under various names, the Indiana Cotton Mills was the dominant industry in the small town of Cannelton, Indiana, mostly employing women and children. The female industrial laborers who worked in this mill during the middle and end of the nineteenth century represent an important and overlooked component of midwestern workers. Women in Cannelton played an essential role in Indiana’s transition from small scale manufacturing in the 1850s to large scale industrialization at the turn of the century. In particular, this work will provide an in-depth exploration of female operatives’ primary place in Cannelton society, their essential economic contributions to their families, and the unique tactics they used in attempts to achieve better working conditions in the mill. It will also explain the small changes in women’s work experiences from 1854 to 1884, and how ultimately marriage, not industrial work, determined the course of their later lives.