Este é um trabalho teórico-empírico que visa principalmente verificar o estado da literatura científica no que diz respeito à consideração dos custos de financiamento da necessidade de capital de giro (NCG) aplicado em mercadorias (NCGp), especialmente em relação aos aprimoramentos do modelo do lote econômico de compras/produção (LEC/LEP). A revisão de literatura mostra diversos modelos aprimorados do LEC/LEP que usam as técnicas de valor presente líquido e fluxos de caixa descontados para considerar o custo do capital no tempo, mas, segundo diversos autores, a diferença entre o LEC original e o uso de tais técnicas é desprezível. Além do mais, o uso destas técnicas não significa que tais modelos tenham incorporado o custo do financiamento da NCGp. Alguns trabalhos, mais recentes, já trazem simulações que levam em consideração o NCGp, outros até já exibem a fórmula NCGp = Estoquesp+Clientesp+Fornecedoresp. Neste trabalho foram feitas 128.000 simulações estocásticas de um modelo dinâmico, de onde se extraíram as variáveis da DRE de cada membro de uma cadeia de suprimentos (CS) hipotética. Foi testada a hipótese de ser este modelo aprimorado, porque incorpora o custo do capital de giro empregado nas mercadorias, mais correto que o modelo que não o incorpora. Para fazer este teste, foi feita uma modelagem (em Excel R) de uma CS contendo dois fornecedores industriais, uma fábrica, um atacadista e um varejista. O modelo recebe como inputs as demandas agregadas do varejista nos dias de cada simulação, que são 360 dias. Os dados foram importados no software estatístico R e as variáveis de saída foram então analisadas nos diversos cenários, regimes e tipos de demanda. Os resultados da análise dos diferentes cenários mostram que é importante considerar os custos financeiros da NCGp. / This is a theoretical and empirical work that primarily aims to check the status of scientific literature with regard to the consideration of the costs of financing the working capital needs (WCN ) applied to goods (WCNp), especially in relation to improvements of economic order/- production quantity (EOQ/EPQ) models. The literature review shows several EOQ/EPQ enhanced models that use net present value and discounted cash flows techniques to consider the cost of capital over time; but according to several authors, the difference between the original EOQ model and with the use of such techniques is negligible. Moreover, the use of these techniques does not mean that such models have incorporated the cost of financing the WCNp. Some latest papers make simulations that consider the WCNp, others have even used the formula WCNp = Inventoriesp +Receivablesp +Payablesp. In this study we made 128,000 stochastic simulations of a dynamic model, from where the were obtained the result\'s variables for each member of a hypothetical supply chain(SC).We tested the hypothesis that this enhanced model, because it incorporates the cost of working capital employed in goods, is more correct than the model that does not. For this test, we made a model (in Excel R) of a CS containing two industrial suppliers, a factory, a wholesaler and a retailer. The model takes as inputs the aggregated demands of the retailer in the days of each simulation, which is 360 days. Data were imported into R statistical software and the output variables were then analyzed in different scenarios, regimes and types of demand. The results of the analysis of different scenarios showed that it is important to consider the financial costs of WCNp, maybe incorporating them into an enhanced EOQ/EPQ model.

Essay 1: Expectation-Driven House Prices, Debt Default and Inflation Dynamics We contribute to the literature on dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models with housing collateral by including shocks to house price expectations. We also incorporate endogenous mortgage defaults that are rarely included in DSGE models with housing collateral. We use this model to study the effects of variations in house price expectations on macroeconomic dynamics and their implications for monetary policy. Model simulations show that an increase in expected future house prices leads to a decline in mortgage default rate and interest rates on household and business loans, whereas it leads to an increase in house prices, housing demand, household debt, business debt, bank leverage ratio and economic activity. In contrast to previous studies, we find that inflation is low during a house price boom. Finally, we show that monetary policy that takes into account household credit growth reduces the volatility of output and dampens a rise in housing demand, household debt and bank leverage ratio that enhances financial stability. However, a central bank that reacts to household credit growth increases the volatility of inflation. / Essay 2: House Price Expectations, Boom-Bust Cycles and Implications for Monetary Policy This essay examines the role of household expectations about future house prices and their implications for boom-bust cycles and monetary policy. Our findings are as follows. First, waves of optimism and pessimism about future house prices generate boom-bust cycles in house prices, financial activities (household debt, business debt, bank leverage, interest rates on household and business loans) and the real economy (housing demand, consumption, employment, investment and output). Second, we find that inflation declines during a house price boom and increases during a house price burst. Third, we find that monetary policy that reacts to household credit growth reduces the magnitude of boom-bust cycles and improves household welfare. Fourth, we find that the case for taking into account household credit growth becomes stronger in an economy in which the bank capital to asset ratio requirement is low, interest rates on loans and deposits adjust immediately to changes in the policy rate, or the household sector is highly indebted. / Essay 3: Credit Disruptions and the Spillover Effects between the Household and Business Sectors This essay examines the effects of credit supply disruptions in a New Keynesian DSGE model with housing collateral and working capital channels. A tightening of business credit conditions creates negative spillovers from the business sector to the household sector through labor income and housing collateral channels. A tightening of household credit conditions has negative spillover effects on the business sector via the housing collateral channel. We find that spillovers are more sensitive to changes in leverage where the shock occurs. A negative business credit shock creates upward pressure on inflation, whereas a negative household credit shock creates downward pressure on inflation. The working capital channel magnifies the response of inflation to a business credit shock, whereas it dampens the response of inflation to a household credit shock.

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The earnings of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) depend entirely on their reinvestment rate of capital. A quicker reinvestment rate of capital would not be possible when debtor’s collection period and stockholding period is slow, nor will it be possible with a shorter creditor’s payment period. Therefore, working capital management is fundamental when it comes to the overall performance of small and medium enterprises. As a result, this study examines the impact of working capital management on the profitability of small and medium enterprises in South Africa. Working capital management has a direct relationship with profitability. The data selected in this study consists of all firms listed on AltX, which is a division of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, for the period 2000 to 2013. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were used to evaluate the data collected and the results concurred with the relationship found between working capital management and profitability. Specific variables such as the cash conversion cycle, debtors’ collection period, stockholding period and creditor’s payment period are all associated with the profitability of firms. The dependent variable is return on assets and is the measure of profitability in this study. Furthermore, the results of this study may provide significant insight for financial analysts, shareholders, creditors and managers.

Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Several mixed industry prediction models about failure have been reasonably successful in differentiating between successful companies and those that have failed. The challenge, however, is to venture into the grey area in between and to identify companies, which are financially unstable, at an early stage. Early identification enables management to intervene timeously in an attempt to prevent failure. Failure is defined as either liquidation, delisting, suspension of listing or a substantial change in structure. The grey area focused on in this study is overtrading. Overtrading is triggered by the company growing at too high a rate relative to its specific structure. Cash is necessary to fund expansion, whether for an increase in inventories, credit sales or new non-current assets. If the company does not generate enough cash to fund this expansion, it has to be financed through external sources. The longer the period of growth and the higher the growth rate, the more the cash requirements. From the theoretical model underlying overtrading, it was found that: • the higher the growth in sales, • the smaller the profit margin, and • the higher the net current assets in proportion to total assets, the lower the cash flow from operating activities before dividends were paid (CFO). Any company ought to generate enough cash from its daily activities in order to maintain the existing level of business, to repay loans, to replace assets and to pay dividends. If the internal generation of cash is insufficient to finance these activities, existing cash resources will be consumed, unproductive non-current assets will be sold and possibly also some of the productive non-current assets. The outcome for such a company is a business combination or liquidation. Due to the fact that cash plays such a big role in failure, cash flow variables constitute the majority of the independent variables used in the development of the failure prediction models. The overtrading ratio was developed as a measurement tool to quantify overtrading. As long as the company generates a positive CFO, it is not so much at risk as a company that does not succeed in generating a positive CFO. Therefore, a negative CFO for a three-year period was decided on as the norm for identifying possible financial difficulty. A company is involved in overtrading if the sum of CFO for three years less the sum of the adjusted profit for the three years, divided by the absolute value of the sum of the adjusted profit for the three years equals -1 or smaller in the case of a company with a cumulative profit for the three years; and smaller than nought in the case of a company with a cumulative loss for the three years. South African industrial companies listed for at least three years during the period 1974 to 2003, were identified. From a total of 6 662 cumulative three-year periods, 944 overtrading years were identified. Failure occurred in 212 out of 526 companies involved in overtrading between January 1974 and August 1989. 120 out of 199 companies involved in overtrading between September 1989 and November 1995 failed, while 90 out of 127 companies involved in overtrading, failed between December 1995 and June 2000. By June 2005 it was already evident that 49 out of 92 companies involved in overtrading between July 2000 and December 2003, had already failed. Companies involved in overtrading, may survive artificially for lengthy periods with the support of providers of capital. It can therefore be expected that failure prediction models will not achieve a better accuracy rate than achieved by probabilities. Six failure prediction models utilising classification tree algorithms were developed. Using data from two periods, two different models were developed; one for growth and recession phases of the economy, the other without distinction between economic phases. The first period was September 1989 to June 2000, the other December 1995 to June 2000. June 2000 was chosen as the cut-off, since a period of five years after an overtrading year was necessary to follow-up whether the company had failed. Each universe was split in two – the learning sample, more or less 60%, and the test sample, more or less 40%. The models were developed from the learning sample and the test sample was used as substantiation of the results of the developed model. The total classification accuracy of the three best models, one for the growth-phase, one for the recession-phase and one mixed economy model, is respectively 72,99%, 96,67% and 80,26% and the classification accuracy for the failed companies 75,29%, 100% and 85,19% respectively. The total prediction accuracy of the three models is respectively 69,23%, 80,95% and 72,55%, and that of the failed companies 73,68%, 86,67% and 83,33%. The accuracy of all the models was found to be higher than what the accuracy would have been if all the companies involved in overtrading were merely classified as having failed. From the results of the different tests, it seems that Ver3, the growth in sales from year 1 to year 3, is probably the most important independent variable in the classification between failed and non-failed overtrading years. This corroborates the theory underlying overtrading that indicates that a high sales growth puts a company at risk for cash flow problems. Companies where the cash flow problems develop because of an increase in current assets will be intercepted by the overtrading ratio. Companies where cash flow problems develop due to replacement of non-current assets, will not necessarily be intercepted by the overtrading ratio as CFO that is used in the overtrading ratio does not allow for replacement of non-current assets. It is therefore necessary to adjust CFO to a free cash flow CFO. Depreciation is used as an alternative for replacement investment since disclosure of replacement investment is not required. Depreciation is theoretically the fraction of the value of an asset lost during the year; this value needs to be replaced. By subtracting the depreciation for the year from CFO, this amount will be more representative of the cash position of the company after considering all the normal transactions in order to sustain the business. After all the adjustments for a free cash flow, six models were developed for the different periods and economic phases. The accuracy of these models were better than what the accuracy would have been if overtrading years were merely classified as failed. Implementing these models would therefore improve specificity. From the tests performed, Ver3 and KVB3/TB (the cumulative CFO for the three years over total assets) seem to be the most important independent variables in the classification between failed and non-failed when considering free cash flow. This is informative as KVB3:TB represents a fictional amount, as if the company spent an amount equal to depreciation on replacement investment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Heelwat gemengde industrie-mislukkingvoorspellingsmodelle was al redelik suksesvol in die onderskeid tussen mislukte en suksesvolle maatskappye. Die uitdaging is egter om die grys area tussen dié uiterstes te betree en ’n maatskappy wat finansieel onstabiel is, vroegtydig te identifiseer. Vroegtydige identifikasie stel die bestuur in staat om betyds in te gryp en mislukking te voorkom. Mislukking word as likwidasie, òf denotering, òf opskorting van notering, òf ’n wesenlike struktuurverandering, gedefinieer. Die grys area waarop die fokus in hierdie studie val, is oorbedryf. Oorbedryf word veroorsaak deurdat die maatskappy teen ’n te hoë koers relatief tot sy spesifieke struktuur groei. Kontant is nodig om uitbreiding, hetsy ’n toename in voorraad, kredietverkope of nuwe nie-bedryfsbates, te finansier. Indien die besigheid nie genoeg kontant genereer om hierdie uitbreiding te finansier nie, moet dit vanuit eksterne bronne gefinansier word. Hoe langer die tydperk van groei voortduur en hoe hoër die groeikoers is, hoe meer is die kontantbehoeftes. Uit die teoretiese model wat onderliggend is aan oorbedryf, is bevind dat: • hoe hoër die groei in verkope, • hoe kleiner die winspersentasie, en • hoe hoër die bedryfskapitaal in verhouding tot die totale bates; hoe laer is die kontantvloei uit bedryfsaktiwiteite voor dividende betaal (KVB). Enige besigheid behoort genoeg kontant uit dag-tot-dag-aktiwiteite te genereer ten einde die bestaande vlak van besigheid vol te hou, lenings terug te betaal, bates te vervang en dividende te betaal. Indien die interne kontantgenerering onvoldoende is om hierdie aktiwiteite te finansier, sal bestaande kontantbronne uitgewis word, onproduktiewe nie-bedryfsbates sal verkoop word en moontlik ook van die produktiewe nie-bedryfsbates. Die uiteinde vir so ’n maatskappy is ’n besigheidsoorname of ’n likwidasie. Aangesien kontantvloei so ’n groot rol in mislukking speel, is kontantvloeiveranderlikes die meerderheid van die onafhanklike veranderlikes wat in die ontwikkeling van die mislukkingvoorspellingsmodelle gebruik is. Die oorbedryfsratio is as ’n maatstaf ontwikkel om oorbedryf te meet. Solank as wat ’n maatskappy ’n positiewe KVB genereer, is hy nie so riskant soos ’n maatskappy wat nie daarin kan slaag om positiewe kontant te genereer nie. Daarom is ’n negatiewe kumulatiewe KVB vir ’n drie-jaar-tydperk as die norm gestel om moontlike finansiële nood te identifiseer. ’n Maatskappy is besig met oorbedryf indien die som van die KVB vir drie jaar minus die som van die aangepaste wins vir die drie jaar, gedeel deur die absolute waarde van die som van die aangepaste wins vir die drie jaar, gelyk aan of kleiner as -1 is, in die geval van ’n maatskappy wat ’n kumulatiewe wins vir die drie jaar het; en kleiner as nul in die geval van ’n maatskappy wat ’n kumulatiewe verlies vir die drie jaar het. Alle Suid-Afrikaanse genoteerde industriële maatskappye wat vir ten minste drie jaar gedurende die tydperk 1974 tot 2003 genoteer was, is geïdentifiseer. Uit ’n totaal van 6 662 kumulatiewe drie-jaar-tydperke was daar 944 oorbedryfsjare. Vanaf Januarie 1974 tot Augustus 1989 was daar 526 oorbedryfsjare, waarvan 212 misluk het. Vanaf September 1989 tot November 1995 was daar 199 oorbedryfsjare, waarvan 120 misluk het en vanaf Desember 1995 tot Junie 2000 het 90 van 127 oorbedryfsjare misluk. Teen Junie 2005 was dit reeds bekend dat 49 van die 92 oorbedryfsjare tussen Julie 2000 en Desember 2003 misluk het. Oorbedryfsmaatskappye bly soms vir uitgebreide tydperke kunsmatig voortbestaan, indien die verskaffers van kapitaal hulle dra. Die verwagting was dus dat mislukkingvoorspellingsmodelle nie ’n beter akkuraatheid sou behaal as wat waarskynlikhede sou bepaal nie. Ses mislukkingvoorspellingsmodelle is met behulp van die klassifikasieboomalgoritme ontwikkel. Een model elk vir die groeifase en die resessie-fase van die ekonomie en een model sonder onderskeid van die ekonomiese fase is met die gebruikmaking van twee tydperke se data ontwikkel. Die eerste tydperk was September 1989 tot Junie 2000 en die ander Desember 1995 tot Junie 2000. Junie 2000 is as die afsnypunt gebruik aangesien ’n vyf-jaaropvolgtydperk na ’n oorbedryfsjaar nodig is om vas te stel of die maatskappy misluk het. Elke universum is in twee verdeel – die leersteekproef, ongeveer 60%, en die toetssteekproef, ongeveer 40%. Die modelle is uit die leersteekproef afgelei en die toetssteekproef is gebruik as bevestiging van die resultate van die afgeleide model. Die totale klassifikasie-akkuraatheid van die drie beste modelle, een vir die groeifase, een vir die resessie-fase en een gemengde ekonomiemodel, is onderskeidelik 72,99%, 96,67% en 80,26% en dié vir die mislukte maatskappye 75,29%, 100% en 85,19%. Die totale voorspellingsakkuraatheid van die drie modelle is onderskeidelik 69,23%, 80,95% en 72,55% en dié van die mislukte maatskappye 73,68%, 86,67% en 83,33%. Al die modelle se akkuraatheid is meer as wat die akkuraatheid sou wees indien al die oorbedryfsjare bloot as misluk geklassifiseer sou wees. Uit die resultate van verskeie toetse blyk dit dat Ver3, die groei in verkope vanaf jaar 1 tot jaar 3, waarskynlik die belangrikste onafhanklike veranderlike in die onderskeid tussen mislukte en nie-mislukte oorbedryfsjare is. Dit ondersteun die teorie wat onderliggend is aan oorbedryf, wat aandui dat ’n hoë groei in verkope ’n maatskappy op risiko plaas vir kontantvloeiprobleme. Maatskappye waar die kontantvloeiprobleme vanweë ’n uitbreiding in bedryfskapitaal ontstaan, word deur die oorbedryfsratio onderskep. Die maatskappye waar die kontantvloeiprobleme eerder uit die vervanging van nie-bedryfsbates sal voortvloei, sal nie noodwendig deur die oorbedryfsratio ondervang word nie, aangesien die KVB wat in die oorbedryfsratio gebruik word, nie voorsiening maak vir vervangende investering nie. Dit is daarom nodig om KVB tot ’n vrye kontantvloei-KVB aan te pas. Waardevermindering word as ’n alternatief vir vervangende investering gebruik, aangesien vervangende investering nie ’n verpligte openbaarmakingsvereiste is nie. Waardevermindering is teoreties dié deel van die bate wat gedurende die jaar opgebruik is en wat vervang behoort te word. Deur dus die jaarlikse waardevermindering van KVB af te trek, is hierdie syfer meer verteenwoordigend van die maatskappy se kontantposisie nadat alle normale transaksies om die besigheid in stand te hou, in ag geneem is. Na die aanpassings vir vrye kontantvloei is weer ses modelle uit die verskillende tydperke en vir die verskillende ekonomiese fases ontwikkel. Al die modelle se akkuraatheid is beter as wat die akkuraatheid sou wees indien al die oorbedryfsjare bloot as misluk geklassifiseer sou wees. Ver3 en KVB3:TB (die kumulatiewe KVB vir die drie jaar tot die totale bates) blyk uit die toetse die belangrikste onafhanklike veranderlikes te wees in die onderskeid tussen misluk en nie-misluk wanneer vrye kontantvloei in ag geneem word. Dit is insiggewend aangesien KVB3:TB ’n fiktiewe syfer verteenwoordig, sou die maatskappy ’n bedrag wat gelyk is aan waardevermindering, aan vervangende investering bestee het.

Master's thesis written on the topic Financial management of the company Flabeg Czech s.r.o. in the theoretical part describes methods which are aplicated in the practical part of the thesis. The goal of the thesis is analysis of the financial health of the company. Practical part describes the company and the branche which influencis economical activity of the company. The main part is financial analysis and the description of the company's statements in the several years. Important part of the thesis is analysis of the working capital, where are detailed analysed and described processes in the management of the receivables, inventories and short-term liabilities. To be able to propose the possible future bankruptcy, the chosen bankruptcy models were figured. At the end of the thesis is prepared financial budget for next years and description of the company's goal for next years. In the area where are discovered lacks are recommended corrective actions.

We use a sample of US manufacturing firms from 1989 to 2018 in order to evaluate the effect of net working capital (NWC) on firm performance. We employ several econometric analyses to test our hypotheses and different specifications of our dependent and main variables of interest. Our results are robust and consistent with prior research on peer effects influencing corporate investment decisions. In addition, our results suggest that (i) the relation between excess working capital investment and company performance is non-linear (for firms with excessive working capital investment, the reduction in resources tied up in working capital in the previous year is positively associated with a better company performance over the subsequent year; however, for firms with low level of NWC, we cannot state that the opposite is true); (ii) we find significant peer effect that are positively associated with firms\' investment in working capital, and find that a one standard deviation increase in the average peer firm working capital investment leads to an 11% increase in firm i\'s investment, after controlling for firm-specific factors; and (iii) we estimate the impact of working capital investment on firm\'s performance using an instrumental variable framework that confirm that firms with a higher level of working capital are associated with worst level of firm\'s performance / Utilizamos uma amostra de empresas americanas de manufatura de 1989 a 2018 para avaliar o efeito do capital de giro líquido (NWC) sobre o desempenho da empresa. Empregamos várias análises econométricas para testar nossas hipóteses, assim como diferentes especificações de nossas variáveis dependentes e principal. Nossos resultados são robustos e consistentes com pesquisas anteriores sobre a influência dos pares sobre as decisões de investimento corporativo das empresas. Além disso, nossos resultados sugerem que: (i) a relação entre investimento em capital de giro e desempenho da empresa é não linear (para empresas com investimento excessivo em capital de giro, a redução de recursos atrelados ao capital de giro no ano anterior está positivamente associada a um melhor desempenho da empresa ao longo do ano subsequente; no entanto, para empresas com baixo nível de NWC, não podemos afirmar que o oposto é verdadeiro); (ii) encontramos um efeito significativo dos pares que está positivamente associado ao investimento das empresas em capital de giro, e descobrimos que um aumento de um desvio padrão no investimento em capital de giro médio dos pares leva a um aumento de 11% no investimento da empresa i, após controlar para fatores específicos da empresa; e (iii) estimamos o impacto do investimento em capital de giro no desempenho da empresa usando uma estrutura de regressão com variável instrumental que confirma que as empresas com nível excessivo de capital de giro estão associadas a um pior desempenho

Submitted by Elba Lopes (elba.lopes@fecap.br) on 2018-06-04T20:35:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Ricardo Gastardeli Yamamoto .pdf: 408105 bytes, checksum: 3e481c7b8a30df5f5411d52772739961 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-04T20:35:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Ricardo Gastardeli Yamamoto .pdf: 408105 bytes, checksum: 3e481c7b8a30df5f5411d52772739961 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / The objective of this study is to propose a typology of Finance content focused on entrepreneurial training in undergraduate courses. It is an exploratory research with qualitative data collection and the use of the Delphi technique, applied in two rounds with the participation of 27 specialists from the areas of Entrepreneurship and Finance. Among the findings, it was identified in order of relevance that the topics (i) Working capital, (ii) Management and projection of cash flows, (iii) Behavioral finance, (iv) Personal finance and entrepreneurship, (v) Risk management and (vi) Microcredit are among the most relevant contents for entrepreneurship training in Finance. The results of the research allow the following reflections: (i) the two most well-positioned contents in this study are also topics present in the literature and papers on the subject, (ii) the inclusion of new topics in the research exposed the relevance of contents until then still little explored, contributing with new perspectives and possibilities of studies on the subject. The findings of this study generate concrete recommendations for undergraduate-level Finance education programs. It is expected that this work will contribute by bringing to light a description of the current context of Finance education for entrepreneurship training and to provide educational institutions and professors a support to become more effective in teaching Finance for entrepreneurship training. / O objetivo deste estudo ?? propor uma tipologia de conte??dos de Finan??as voltada ?? forma????o empreendedora em cursos de gradua????o. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza explorat??ria com levantamento qualitativo de dados e emprego da t??cnica Delphi, aplicada em duas rodadas com a participa????o de 27 especialistas das ??reas de Empreendedorismo e Finan??as. Entre os achados, identificou-se em ordem de relev??ncia que os t??picos (i) Capital de giro, (ii) Gerenciamento e proje????o de fluxos de caixa, (iii) Finan??as comportamentais, (iv) Finan??as pessoais e empreendedorismo, (v) Gerenciamento de risco e (vi) Microcr??dito figuram entre os conte??dos mais relevantes para a forma????o empreendedora em Finan??as. Os resultados da pesquisa permitem as seguintes reflex??es: (i) os dois conte??dos mais bem posicionados neste estudo tamb??m s??o t??picos presentes na literatura e trabalhos sobre a tem??tica, (ii) a inclus??o de novos t??picos na pesquisa exp??s a relev??ncia de conte??dos at?? ent??o ainda pouco explorados, contribuindo com novas perspectivas e possibilidades de estudos sobre o tema. Os achados deste estudo geram recomenda????es concretas para os programas de ensino de Finan??as em n??vel de gradua????o. Espera-se ainda que este trabalho contribua ao trazer ?? luz uma descri????o do atual contexto da educa????o em Finan??as para forma????o empreendedora e forne??a ??s institui????es de ensino e docentes, subs??dios para que se tornem mais eficazes no ensino de Finan??as para a forma????o empreendedora.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) account for 92% of all Ghana firms, providing 60% of citizens' employment and contributing about 70% of Ghana's income from gross domestic products. Within the first 5 years of operation, 40% of new businesses fail. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies used by Ghanaian SME manufacturing leaders in the fruit industry to sustain business for longer than 5 years of operation. The conceptual framework for this study was open systems theory and complexity theory. The population for this study was 5 Ghanaian SME manufacturing business leaders in the fruit industry who maintained their businesses longer than 5 years of operation. The data sources were semistructured face-to-face interviews, interview notes, and the organizations' manuals for standard operations. Data collected were transcribed, member checked, analytically coded, and analyzed using Yin's 5-stage method of qualitative data analysis. Four themes emerged: training and capacity building, the need for good equipment and good packaging, the availability of working capital, and the need for target marketing. The implications of this study for positive social change include lowering high unemployment, alleviating poverty, supporting community development, and enhancing economic growth in the country.

<p>A qualitative survey has been carried out in a manning company whose business concept was to employ pensioners. Six pensioners have been interviewed regarding their views on resumed employment. The results of these interviews have been analysed supported by analytic induc-tion. Areas investigated cover: promotion of better health through work, motivation factors, groupings and control, experience and learning, work and spare time and finally strategies that appeal to an older workforce.The purpose of the survey was to investigate whether the manning company utilizes pension-ers’ experience and work skills from their former working life. We also wanted to examine if and whether continued employment contributed to an increased quality of life.The result showed that few employees were employed in positions that had any connection with their former working lives. The majority of tasks given were similar to ordinary house-work. To be needed, to perform purposeful work, to have social contacts and be appreciated were important. Few pensioners commented that the reason for their continued employment was financial. Time for recreation and own activities were expressed as important in the pen-sioners’ way of life. None of the pensioners wished to own their own business, they were sat-isfied with being employed despite a lower remuneration.</p> / <p>En kvalitativ undersökning har gjorts på ett bemanningsföretag som riktat in sig på att anställa pensionärer. Sex pensionärer har intervjuats om sin syn på fortsatt anställning efter ett långt yrkesverksamt liv. Resultatet har analyserats med stöd av analytisk induktion. Följande områ-den har behandlats: hälsofrämjande perspektiv på arbete, behovs- och motivationsfaktorer, grupperingar och kontroll, erfarenhet och lärande, arbete och fritid samt slutligen strategier som tilltalar äldre arbetskraft.Syftet var att kartlägga huruvida bemanningsföretaget tog tillvara den erfarenhet och yrkes-kompetens som pensionärerna tillgodogjort sig i sitt yrkesverksamma liv. Vi ville också un-dersöka på vilka sätt en anställning bidrog till en ökad livskvalitet.Resultatet visade att få anställda utförde arbeten med koppling till sitt tidigare yrkesliv. Flerta-let arbeten liknade hushållsnära tjänster. Att vara behövd, utföra ett meningsfullt arbete, social kontakt och uppskattning var viktigt. Få pensionärer påtalade att de var anställda av ekono-misk anledning. Tid för återhämtning och egna aktiviteter fördes fram som viktiga delar i pen-sionärernas liv. Ingen pensionär kunde tänka sig att arbeta i egen regi utan trivdes som an-ställd, trots en sämre ersättning.</p>

A qualitative survey has been carried out in a manning company whose business concept was to employ pensioners. Six pensioners have been interviewed regarding their views on resumed employment. The results of these interviews have been analysed supported by analytic induc-tion. Areas investigated cover: promotion of better health through work, motivation factors, groupings and control, experience and learning, work and spare time and finally strategies that appeal to an older workforce.The purpose of the survey was to investigate whether the manning company utilizes pension-ers’ experience and work skills from their former working life. We also wanted to examine if and whether continued employment contributed to an increased quality of life.The result showed that few employees were employed in positions that had any connection with their former working lives. The majority of tasks given were similar to ordinary house-work. To be needed, to perform purposeful work, to have social contacts and be appreciated were important. Few pensioners commented that the reason for their continued employment was financial. Time for recreation and own activities were expressed as important in the pen-sioners’ way of life. None of the pensioners wished to own their own business, they were sat-isfied with being employed despite a lower remuneration. / En kvalitativ undersökning har gjorts på ett bemanningsföretag som riktat in sig på att anställa pensionärer. Sex pensionärer har intervjuats om sin syn på fortsatt anställning efter ett långt yrkesverksamt liv. Resultatet har analyserats med stöd av analytisk induktion. Följande områ-den har behandlats: hälsofrämjande perspektiv på arbete, behovs- och motivationsfaktorer, grupperingar och kontroll, erfarenhet och lärande, arbete och fritid samt slutligen strategier som tilltalar äldre arbetskraft.Syftet var att kartlägga huruvida bemanningsföretaget tog tillvara den erfarenhet och yrkes-kompetens som pensionärerna tillgodogjort sig i sitt yrkesverksamma liv. Vi ville också un-dersöka på vilka sätt en anställning bidrog till en ökad livskvalitet.Resultatet visade att få anställda utförde arbeten med koppling till sitt tidigare yrkesliv. Flerta-let arbeten liknade hushållsnära tjänster. Att vara behövd, utföra ett meningsfullt arbete, social kontakt och uppskattning var viktigt. Få pensionärer påtalade att de var anställda av ekono-misk anledning. Tid för återhämtning och egna aktiviteter fördes fram som viktiga delar i pen-sionärernas liv. Ingen pensionär kunde tänka sig att arbeta i egen regi utan trivdes som an-ställd, trots en sämre ersättning.