Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4365.pdf: 6331664 bytes, checksum: 4fff8665ac587e730c995ecd4feb1665 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The effect of variation of cobalt (Co)/nickel (Ni) composition in catalysts based on these transition metals was evaluated focusing mainly in the oxi-reduction properties and their relation to carbon deposition in the Steam Reforming of Ethanol (SRE) reaction. The catalysts, with metal loading of 15 and 8 wt%, were prepared by conventional impregnation of the Co and Ni salts on the sol-gel synthesized support MgAl2O4. The characterization was performed by N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms; X-ray diffraction (XRD); temperature programed reduction (H2-TPR); thermogravimetric analysis (TGA); scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM); X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (H2-XANES), in situ extended X-ray absorption on fine structure spectroscopy (SRE-EXAFS) and Raman spectroscopy. The catalytic tests were done in the temperature range of 250 to 700°C and the conversion and products distribution dependence on the metal loading and composition were evaluated. Reduction profiles and diffraction patterns lead to believe that occur the formation of a spinel NiCo2O4 in the weight ratio 1Co:1Ni during calcination. Such spinel once reduced yields an alloy Co-Ni, accordinto to TEM images and EXAFS data. The alloy formation, although it is hard to characterize, seems to be determining factor on carbon deposition resistance on the catalyst surface during SRE. Carbon deposition, as addressed by TGA and SEM, is strongly sensitive to metal loading, being severe on monometallic samples with higher metal loading; independent of the loading, the bimetallic catalysts in the proportion 1:1 are resistant to carbon deposition. SRE-EXAFS showed that these catalysts didn t oxidize during reaction, differing from Co catalysts, where the equilibrium between oxide and metallic sites controls the ethanol activation and carbon oxidation rates. / O efeito da variação da composição cobalto (Co)/níquel (Ni) em catalisadores à base destes metais de transição foi avaliado focando principalmente nas propriedades de oxirredução e sua relação com a deposição de carbono na reação de Reforma a Vapor do Etanol (RVE). Os catalisadores, com teor metálico de 15 e 8 % em massa, foram preparados por impregnação convencional dos sais de Co e Ni sobre o suporte MgAl2O4 sintetizado por método sol-gel. A caracterização foi realizada por isotermas de adsorçãodessorção de N2; difração de raios X (XRD); redução à temperatura programada (H2-TPR), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) e transmissão (TEM), espetroscopia de absorção de raios X próximo da borda (H2-XANES), espectroscopia de absorção de raios X estendida de estrutura fina in situ (RVE-EXAFS) e espectroscopia Raman. Os testes catalíticos foram realizados na faixa de temperatura de 250 a 700°C e a dependência da conversão e distribuição de produtos com o teor e composição metálicos foi avaliada. Os perfis de redução e difratogramas levam a crer que ocorre a formação de um espinélio NiCo2O4 na proporção 1Co:1Ni em massa durante calcinação. Este espinélio quando reduzido forma uma liga Co-Ni, conforme mostram imagens de TEM e dados de EXAFS. A formação de liga, embora difícil de ser caracterizada, parece ser fator determinante na resistência a deposição de carbono sobre a superfície do catalisador durante a RVE. A deposição de carbono, conforme averiguada por TGA e SEM, é fortemente sensível ao teor metálico, sendo severa nas amostras monometálicas com maior teor de metal; já os catalisadores bimetálicos na proporção 1:1 são resistentes à deposição de carbono independentemente do teor. RVE-EXAFS mostrou que estes catalisadores não se oxidam durante reação; diferindo de catalisadores de Co, onde o equilíbrio entre sítios óxidos e metálicos controla as taxas de ativação de etanol e oxidação do carbono.

Aujourd’hui le combustible nucléaire usé est retraité via le procédé PUREX afin de récupérer l’uranium et le plutonium. La séparation de ces actinides des produits de fission repose sur différentes étapes d’extraction liquide-liquide avec le tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TBP) comme extractant. Un modèle a été conçu pour décrire précisément les différentes étapes du retraitement afin d’en optimiser le fonctionnement. Mais les mécanismes à l’échelle moléculaire sont encore mal décrits notamment pour le ruthénium qui est partiellement extrait et retenu en phase organique. Les études précédentes concernant le comportement du ruthénium dans le procédé ont montré que sa chimie était complexe et se sont principalement appuyées sur des données macroscopiques telles que les coefficients de distribution ou des constantes cinétiques. Des lacunes demeurent quant au mode de coordination avec le TBP, la structure et la stabilité des espèces extraites en phase organique, ou encore par rapport à la spéciation dans les conditions de faible acidité (CHNO3aq < 3 M).Une analyse de la spéciation du ruthénium en phase aqueuse et en phase organique a donc été entreprise au cours de ce travail. Elle s’appuie sur la combinaison d’outils spectroscopiques (FTIR et EXAFS) et sur l’utilisation de références solides caractérisées par DRX monocristal, FTIR et EXAFS. Cette méthodologie a été développée afin d’améliorer l’interprétation des signaux enregistrés sur les solutions aqueuses et organique de ruthénium.La méthode de couplage entre les données FTIR, les résultats de dosages potentiométriques en phase aqueuse et les informations obtenues lors de l’ajustement des spectres EXAFS nous a permis d’obtenir des structures moyennes des espèces [RuNO(NO3)x(OH)y(H2O)5-x-y]3-(x+y)+ présentes tant en phase aqueuse qu’en phase organique. Elle a permis de démontrer que dans les conditions d’extraction du procédé, les complexes identifiés en phase aqueuse sont extraits en phase organique sans modification de la sphère de coordination. L’hypothèse d’une coordination directe entre le TBP et le ruthénium a pu être exclue. L’influence de la concentration en acide nitrique ainsi qu’en ions nitrates, sur la spéciation du ruthénium dans les phases aqueuses et organiques a été mise en évidence. Différents équilibres d’extraction sont mis en œuvre selon les conditions chimiques. Pour les solutions à forte acidité (CHNO3aq = 4 M), des complexes de ruthénium non-hydrolysés avec un nombre de ligands nitrates proche de 3 ont identifiés (2 < x < 4 et z = 0). Au contraire à faible acidité (CHNO3aq = 1 M), une forme hydrolysée des complexes du ruthénium, présente en solution aqueuse, est extraite par le solvant. Cette espèce hydrolysée s’avère être un complexe bimétallique de la forme [(RuNO)2(NO3)2x(H2O)9-2x(µ-OH)](5-2x)+.Enfin l’étude du vieillissement des phases organiques a permis de mettre en évidence des échanges entre les ligands liés au ruthénium et l’acide nitrique solubilisé en phase organique. Ces processus, relativement lents pour une phase organique isolée, sont accélérés lorsque les mesures sont effectuées en présence d’une phase aqueuse, ce qui engendre une augmentation du coefficient de distribution du ruthénium. Ces échanges de ligands dans la sphère de coordination du ruthénium et les variations importantes de spéciation en fonctions des conditions chimiques (CH+ et CNO3-) pourraient être à l’origine du phénomène de rétention du ruthénium observé au sein du procédé. Finalement cette étude offre des voies d’amélioration pour une meilleure prise en compte de la diversité des équilibres impliquant le ruthénium au sein des modèles thermodynamiques, et soutient ainsi le développement de modèles prédictifs des procédés industriels de séparation. / Currently, used nuclear fuel is reprocessed using the PUREX process to isolate uranium and plutonium. Separation of these actinides is achieved through multiple steps of liquid-liquid extraction using tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TBP) as the extractant. Work aiming to develop a precise model of the fuel retreatment process in order to optimize it fails to accurately reproduce the ruthenium partial extraction and its retention in organic phase. Molecular mechanisms are still badly understood and hinder these developments. Previous studies had shown that ruthenium chemistry is complex but they mostly rely on macroscopic information as distribution coefficients or rate constants. Deficiencies remain about the coordination mode between TBP and ruthenium, about the structure and stability of extracted species or about the speciation for solutions at low acidities (CHNO3aq < 3 M).Ruthenium speciation analysis was undertaken during this work. It relies on the combination of different spectroscopic techniques (FTIR and EXAFS) and on the use of solid reference compounds fully characterized by single crystal XRD, FTIR and EXAFS. This method was developed in order to improve the interpretation of spectroscopic results for ruthenium aqueous and organic phases.This method coupling FTIR analysis, potentiometric determination in aqueous phase and fit results of EXAFS experimental data allowed us to obtain average structure for [RuNO(NO3)x(OH)y(H2O)5-x-y]3-(x+y)+ species in solution. It was demonstrated that ruthenium coordination sphere was not modified during extraction in process conditions. The hypothesis of a direct link between ruthenium and TBP was excluded. Influence of the nitric acid and nitrate concentrations was highlighted for ruthenium speciation in both aqueous and organic phases. Separate equilibria should be implemented to describe ruthenium extraction depending on chemical conditions. At high acidity (CHNO3aq = 4 M), non-hydrolyzed ruthenium complexes with an average nitrate number close to 3 were identified (2 < x < 4 et z = 0). Conversely, at low acidity (CHNO3aq = 1 M), a hydrolyzed ruthenium compound, observed in aqueous phase, is extracted into the organic phase. This compound was shown to be a bimetallic complex which could be written as [(RuNO)2(NO3)2x(H2O)9-2x(µ-OH)](5-2x)+.Finally the ageing study of organic phase allowed us to highlight exchanges between the ruthenium ligands and solvated nitric acid. These phenomena are relatively slow for isolated organic phases but are accelerated in the presence of an aqueous phase. An increase of ruthenium distribution coefficient was also observed. These ligand exchanges in ruthenium coordination sphere and the large fluctuations of speciation depending on chemical conditions (CH+ et CNO3-) may cause the ruthenium retention noticed in the process.This study offers opportunities to improve ruthenium extraction equilibria coverage in thermodynamic models and support the development of predictive models for industrial separation processes.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18592号 / 工博第3953号 / 新制||工||1607(附属図書館) / 31492 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科分子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 庸裕, 教授 田中 勝久, 教授 阿部 竜 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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In the western United States, elevated selenium (Se) levels in soil have resulted in documented cases of ruminant fatalities. This is due to the ingestion of Se-hyperaccumulating vegetation growing on previously reclaimed phosphate mine soils. A field-scale analysis was first conducted to examine Se bioavailability to plants. Soil and plant samples were collected from transects from five study locations in Soda Springs, Idaho. Soils were analyzed for Se speciation and geochemical phases using a sequential extraction procedure (SEP). Additionally, speciation, SEP results, and Se bioavailability in the hyperaccumulator, western aster (Symphyotrichum ascendens (Lindl.)), were related using simple linear regression. Soil speciation and the validity of this SEP were then evaluated using synchrotron-sourced X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy for both whole and a sequence of extracted soils. Lastly, competitive adsorption of Se with two dissolved organic carbon (DOC) species, citric and salicylic acid, was examined on an amorphous iron oxide mineral surface. A strong relationship was identified for western aster Se and the first two combined SEP fractions, water-soluble and PO43--extractable Se (R2 = 0.85; P = <0.0001). Results also indicated a strong relationship between selenate and water-soluble Se (R2 = 0.83; P = 0.0002). This suggests that water extracts could be useful Se bioavailability assessment tools in highly contaminated systems. XAFS analyses indicated that elemental and organic Se were the most predominant phases overall in whole soils. The dominant oxidized species present was selenite sorbed onto iron oxides and calcite. Critical SEP evaluations using XAFS also indicate that oxidized Se species were underestimated by the SEP and elemental Se was overestimated. In extracted soils, XAFS results indicated partial recovery of carbonate, iron oxide and organic Se occurred. Therefore, it is suggested that researchers exert caution when employing SEPs. Additionally, sorption analyses demonstrated the highly competitive behavior of citric acid with both selenite (pH 5-8) and selenate (pH 5-6). Little competition was observed in the presence of salicylic acid for both Se species. Competition and subsequent desorption of both sorbed species in the presence of citric acid suggest a possible mechanism for Se solubilization and bioavailability in seleniferous environments. / Ph. D. / Selenium (Se) is a contaminant found in elevated levels in soils and plants in the Western United States due to phosphate mining. This has caused livestock deaths throughout the mining region following ingestion of plants with particularly high Se levels. Soils and plants were sampled from five study locations and used to assess relationships between soils and plant Se uptake. A sequential extraction procedure (SEP) was used to estimate Se in soils related to soluble, exchangeable, bound, organic, and elemental forms of Se. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy was then used to critically evaluate the validity of these phases and the procedure accuracy. Lastly, the competitive effects of organic acids, which are naturally present in soils, on Se sorption was evaluated in a batch reactor system. From the SEP analysis, higher levels of Se were found in organic and elemental fractions, moderate quantities were observed in sorbed fractions, and smaller abundances were observed in soluble and exchangeable fractions. Relationships between soluble Se and selenate, a highly bioavailable form of Se determined from speciation analyses, indicated that simple water extracts could be used to assess Se “hotspots” in order to prevent further livestock fatalities. The critical evaluation of this SEP using XAFS determined that this procedure was under- and over-estimating bound and organic extracted phases of Se. This was possibly due to mineral and organics that were incompletely dissolved during extraction. It was determined that researchers should exert caution prior to using SEPs and have suggested several recommendations. Lastly, the batch reactor analysis indicated a form of DOC, citric acid, was highly competitive for mineral surface sites with selenite and selenate. Competition from salicylic acid was not obvious. Differences in competition were speculated to be linked to differences in molecular structure. This work suggests possible mechanisms for solubilization of both selenite, which is typically strongly bound, and selenate, which is typically soluble, in soil systems. Results offer an explanation for the exceedingly bioavailable nature of Se in the Western US.

Lithium-ion batteries have become a vital part of our modern life and play an essential role in electric vehicle development. One of the most feasible strategies to enhance the energy density of Li-ion batteries is to use layered, Ni-rich cathode materials. However, higher nickel content causes several problems and therefore, several methods, including doping and coating, have been utilized to stabilize their structure and boost their performance. This thesis aims to understand the microstructure of such engineered complex cathodes and provide valuable contributions by comprehensively understanding and establishing a link between the composition, structure, performance, and properties of these complex materials. In this regard, the most advanced electron- and photon-based techniques have been used to uncover the fundamental underlying reasons for the enhanced performance or degradation in these complex cathode structures. This study shows that introducing W cation inside the LiNiO2 results in new W-variants with a heterogeneous concentration on the top surface and through grain boundaries of the host secondary particles. These W-rich regions play a reinforcing role in grain boundaries and protect the outer surface of LiNiO2 particles. However, synthesis defects, such as porosities, could reduce these benefits by increasing the electrolyte infiltration inside the cathode particles. It is also demonstrated that the degradation process can be studied through the changes in electron energy loss near-edge structure spectra. The investigation of a coating approach on LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 materials through the mechanofusion process illustrates more microscopic-scale details regarding the thickness unevenness of the coating and some degree of physical intermixing between the core (LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2) and coating (LiFePO4 and alumina) precursors. In addition to good physical contact between the core and coating materials, further analysis at higher resolution reveals some nanoscale grains and defective areas near the top surface of the secondary particles following the mechanofusion coating process. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This project analyzes how an in-situ cell can be developed to withstand high amounts of pressure and temperature of at least 100 bar and 500 °C. A theoretical prototype will be created as a product for Malmö University and other researchers to use or improve. To make this possible, the five step method was used to present a symmetric geometrical concept for the cell. That geometric concept was designed in PTC Creo (Version 6.0.2.0 &amp; 7.0) in 3D and drawings in 2D. The programs GRANTA EduPack (Version 2020 \&amp; Version 2019) along with Hephaestus was used to determine a material selection that will be able to tolerate temperature, pressure and be at least ten percent transparent, to be able for the X-ray to pass through the material and into the sample. The Finite Element Method (FEM) was used to ensure that the cell adheres to the set values of pressure and not cause a catastrophic failure. The result turn out to be a elliptical three part in-situ cell of boron carbide outer shell, a beryllium main dome and a stainless steel plate for the material sample to be on top. The Finite Element Method also showed that the designed in-situ cells meet the requirements and fulfills the goal and purpose. Further development of safety features and the equipment will be needed to minimise the risk of and dangers of beryllium dust. / Detta projekt analyserar hur en in-situ cell kan utvecklas för att motstå höga mängder tryck och temperatur på minst 100 bar och 500 °C . En teoretisk prototyp kommer att skapas som en produkt för Malmö universitet och andra forskare att använda eller förbättra. För att göra detta möjligt användes femstegsmetoden för att presentera ett symmetriskt och geometriskt koncept för cellen. Det geometriska konceptet kommer att utformas 3-dimensionellt i PTC Creo (Version 6.0.2.0  7.0) och 2-dimensionella ritningar . GRANTA EduPack-programmen (Version 2020 \&amp; Version 2019) tillsammans med Hephaestus användes för att bestämma ett materialval som kommer att kunna tolerera temperatur, tryck och vara minst tio procent transparent för att röntgenstrålningen ska kunna passera genom materialet och in i provet. Finite Element Method (FEM) kommer att användas för att säkerställa att cellen följer de inställda tryckvärdena och inte orsakar katastrofala fel. Resultatet visar sig vara en elliptisk tredelad in-situ cell av borkarbid som ett yttre skal, beryllium som huvudkupol och en rostfri stålplatta som underlag för materialprovet. Finite Element Method visade också att den designade in-situ-cellen uppfyller kraven och därför uppfyller målet och syftet. Detta innebär att vidareutveckling av säkerhetsfunktioner och utrustning kommer att behövas för att minimera risken för berusning från berylliumdammet.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2931.pdf: 6814472 bytes, checksum: 46c69cfcaa07e8f2ab4e1d803b03916a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-05 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Colloidal Nanoparticles of Platinum (Pt-NPs) were obtained by reducing hexacloroplatinic acid with ethylene glycol in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as protective agent of the particles. Two methods of synthesis were performed which differed by the ratio PVP / Pt used. The synthesis of nanoparticles was accompanied by measures in the UV-visible from of which it was possible to determine the end of the reaction. The Pt-NPs were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) that determined the average diameter of particles (~ 2.0 nm). After the synthesis, the Pt-NPs were incorporated into the supports of alumina and alumina promoted with cerium and cerium-zirconium which were prepared by sol-gel method. Supporters with nanoparticles incorporated were then subjected to heat treatment have sought the formation of stable catalysts and without the presence of protective polymer, as this could affect the activity of the catalyst by covering the active sites. Through X-ray diffraction and TEM images it was possible to monitor the stability of samples after heat treatment and the samples that were synthesized with higher PVP were more stable. Measures of X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy in situ allowed the characterization of the samples in the reaction atmosphere. Through the analysis of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) was observed morphological changes in the particles caused by the increase in temperature showing that there is an increase in the number of atoms of low coordination when samples are heated which favors the reaction of steam reforming of methane. Through studies of X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) in the edges L2 and L3 of Pt was possible to monitor how the electron density of the catalysts varies in reaction conditions. Moreover, the catalysts were also tested catalysts. Measures of dispersion were obtained by the reaction of dehydrogenation of cyclohexane and catalysts made of alumina promoted with cerium and cerium-zirconium displayed less dispersion due to the coating caused by the support. The catalysts in which the particles were synthesized with a higher amount of PVP, because of its stability, were subjected to the reaction of steam reforming of methane and proved active. This reaction was used to calculate the value of the apparent activation energy. The catalysts containing promoters were more active than the catalyst only alumina thus showing the role of support in this reaction. Therefore, this system has proved very interesting to study the catalytic properties in reactions sensitive to the structure since the nanoparticles present are monodispersed and the catalyst is stable under reaction conditions allowing the study of structural and electronic properties. / Nanopartículas coloidais de platina (NPs-Pt) foram obtidas por meio da redução do ácido hexacloroplatínico por etilenoglicol na presença de polivinilpirrolidona (PVP) como agente protetor das partículas. Dois métodos de síntese foram realizados os quais se diferiram pela razão PVP/Pt empregada. As sínteses das NPs-Pt foram acompanhadas por medidas no UVvisível através das quais foi possível determinar o fim da reação. As NPs-Pt foram caracterizadas por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) que determinou o diâmetro médio das partículas (~2,0 nm). Após a síntese as NPs-Pt foram incorporadas à suportes de alumina e alumina promovida com cério e cério-zircônio os quais foram preparados pelo método sol-gel. Os suportes com as nanopartículas incorporadas foram então submetidos a tratamentos térmicos com o objetivo de levar à formação de catalisadores estáveis e sem a presença do polímero protetor. Através de difração de raios X e imagens de TEM foi possível acompanhar a estabilidade das amostras após o tratamento térmico tendo sido as amostras sintetizadas com maior quantidade de PVP mais estáveis. Medidas de espectroscopia de estrutura fina de absorção de raios X (XAFS) in situ permitiram a caracterização da amostra em atmosfera de reação. Através da análise da região estendida após a borda, EXAFS, foi possível observar mudanças morfológicas nas partículas ocasionadas pelo aumento da temperatura mostrando que há um aumento no número de átomos de baixa coordenação quando as amostras são aquecidas o que favorece a reação de reforma a vapor do metano. Através de estudos da região próxima às bordas L2 e L3 da Pt (XANES) foi possível acompanhar como a densidade eletrônica dos catalisadores variou em condições de reação. Por fim, os catalisadores foram submetidos a ensaios catalíticos. Medidas de dispersão foram obtidas através da reação de desidrogenação do ciclohexano tendo os catalisadores preparados com alumina promovida com Ce e Ce-Zr apresentado uma menor dispersão devido ao recobrimento ocasionado pelo suporte. Devido à sua estabilidade, os catalisadores obtidos a partir das nanopartículas sintetizadas com maior razão PVP/Pt, foram submetidos à reação de reforma a vapor do metano e se mostraram ativos. Essa reação foi utilizada para calcular o valor da energia de ativação aparente. Os catalisadores contendo promotores foram mais ativos, mostrando assim o papel do suporte nessa reação. Portanto, essa abordagem se mostrou bastante interessante para o estudo das propriedades catalíticas em reações sensíveis à estrutura devido à estreita distribuição de tamanhos das nanopartículas e sua estabilidade em condições de reação permitindo o estudo detalhado de suas propriedades estruturais e eletrônicas