Title Analysis of the endurance indicators in selected tests in relation to continuous and intermittent loading Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the accuracy of the prediction formulas for indirect estimation VO2max from performances in the field tests. The criterion for comparing estimated values were results from laboratory spiroergometry test. Methods Ten physically active males (24,5 ± 2,5 years, 179,5 ± 6,2 cm, 75,8 ± 4,9 kg, BMI 23,5 ± 1,3 kg/m2 ) performed four different test sessions. Laboratory treadmill test was used for the direct measurement of the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and three field tests for indirect estimation of the VO2max (Cooper test, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 and 2). All the performances from field tests were calculated using prediction formulas. Results Directly measured values of VO2max during laboratory testing were in average 58,24 ± 2,77 ml.kg-1 .min-1 . Indirectly estimated values of VO2max from performances in the Cooper test were in average 61,15 ± 3,73 ml.kg-1 .min-1 , in Yo-Yo IRT1 52,46 ± 2,51 ml.kg-1 .min-1 and in Yo-Yo IRT2 53,19 ± 1,56 ml.kg-1 .min-1 . There was found large positive correlation between laboratory testing and Cooper test (r = 0,76). This correlation was the only one statistically significant. The...

In den letzten Jahren erfuhr Thalidomid auf Grund seiner antiinflammatorischen, immunmodulatorischen und antiangiogenetischen Eigenschaften eine "Renaissance". Bei ophthalmologischen Erkrankungen, die durch Gefäßproliferation gekennzeichnet sind, wie bei der diabetischen Retinopathie und der altersbedingten Makuladegeneration (33) oder bei immunpathologische Erkrankungen wie die Uveitis (44) liegen Berichte zu günstigen Effekten vor. Aufgrund der erheblichen Nebenwirkungen bei der systemischen Verabreichung wurde der Versuch einer topischen Applikation angestrebt. Dieser Applikationsweg ist limitiert durch die schlechte Wasserlöslichkeit und hydrolytische Instabilität bei der Formulierung von wässrigen Augentropfen. Zur Erhöhung der intraokularen Bioverfügbarkeit von Thalidomid wurden Cyclodextrine, speziell HP-ß-CD, als Vehikel zur Verbesserung der physiko-chemischen Eigenschaften verwendet. Die experimentelle Arbeit wurde an 21 pigmentierten Kaninchen durchgeführt, die mit Thalidomid-HP-ß-CD haltigen Augentropfen oder mit einer Thalidomidsuspension behandelt wurden. Nach einer Einwirkungszeit von 30, 60, oder 240 Minuten wurden die Augen enukleiert, präpariert und eingefroren. Anschließend wurde mittels HPLC die jeweilige Thalidomid-Konzentration ermittelt. Unsere Arbeit hat signifikante (p / Background: Thalidomide, which has been rediscovered as an angiogenic, immunmodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent might be a treatment option for several eye diseases. The systemic application causes severe side effects. The water-insolubility and hydrolytic instability of thalidomide limits its ocular bioavailability during local application. Hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HP-ß-CD) is a cyclodextrin derivative, which has the ability to form inclusion complexes with lipophilic drugs increasing their stability and solubility. Methods: 21 pigmented male rabbits were treated with 5x50 mul 0,04 % thalidomide/12,5% HP-ß-CD (THA-CD) or 0,04 % thalidomide suspension (THA-SP). 30, 60 or 240 minutes post instillation the animals were sacrificed and the eyes were enucleated. The thalidomide concentrations where determined using HPLC. Results: A significant (p

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 4 week respiratory muscle training (RMT) on intermittent recovery performance, pulmonary functions and maximum oxygen consumption capacity (Vo2max) of young soccer players. Eighteen young soccer player who were playing in the Turkey PAF League (league for candidate professional soccer players) from Hacettepe Sports Club with a mean age of 18.4 &plusmn / 0.8 years (ranging from 17 to 19 years) and 8.5 &plusmn / 0.7 (ranging from 7 to 9 years) years experience in soccer participated. Players&rsquo / weekly metabolic equivalent score (MET) was 120. Their maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2max) on a treadmill, pulmonary function with a spirometer, and recovery performance with a yo-yo intermittent recovery test level 2 were measured and then they were randomly assigned into two groups as either RMT (n = 9) or control (n = 9). The RMT group continued both their regular training and RMT treatment with a commercially available powerlung sport respiratory muscle trainer (Powerlung Inc., TX, and USA) for 4 weeks. The control group only continued with their regular training. After completing 4 week RMT implementation (composed of 30 sets of inhalation, two times a day, 5 days of the week), the same tests were performed in order to see the v effects of 4 week RMT treatment on selected parameters mentioned above. Findings of this study indicated that 4 week of RMT treatment significantly improved (% 39) yo-yo intermittent recovery test level 2 performances of the RMT group from pre to post test measurements when compared to subjects in the control group. However, there were no significant improvements in both RMT and control group&rsquo / s Vo2max capacity, Vital capacity (VC), Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory flow (FEV1.0) and Peak expiratory flow performances (PEF). As a conclusion, 4 week of RMT implementation improves the intermittent recovery performance of young soccer players.

The potential to track changes in training status and fitness levels of especially team sport participants by making use of more time efficient and accessible methods such as heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate recovery (HRR) cannot be overlooked and needs to be considered. However, studies that have investigated this aspect in team sport participants are scarce. It is against this background that the main objectives of this study were firstly, to determine the relationships between HRV and HRR as well as the fitness levels of a cohort of university-level rugby players. The second objective was to determine the validity of the BioForce Heart Rate Variability System to determine the HRV of a cohort of university-level rugby players. Twenty-four university-level rugby players (age: 20.1 ± 0.41 years; body stature: 182.7 ± 6.2 cm; body mass: 89.7 ± 12.7 kg) of a South African university’s Rugby Institute participated in the first part of the study. During the test day players’ fasting baseline HRV (baseline HRV) values were taken. This was followed by the measurement of the post-breakfast HRV (Pre-Yo-Yo IR1 HRV). Players were then required to perform the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) while they were fitted with a portable Cosmed K4b2 gas analyser apparatus and a Fix Polar Heart Rate Transmitter Belt. After completion of the test, HRR was taken on 1 and 3 minutes and followed by the measurement of HRV (Post-Yo-Yo IR1 HRV). For the second part of the study a group of twenty u/21 university-level rugby players (age: 20.06 ± 0.40 years; body stature: 181.8 ± 5.5 cm; body mass: 91.1 ± 10.7 kg) of a South African university’s Rugby Institute were recruited to participate in this study. HRV was measured simultaneously by the Actiheart monitor system as well as the BioForce Heart Rate Variability System over three times periods: during the morning in a fasting state just after players had woken up (baseline); in the morning just after the players ate breakfast (pre-anaerobic); after completion of a high-intensity anaerobic training session (post-anaerobic) and after completion of a 20 min recovery session (post-recovery). Significant correlations (p ≤ 0.05) were found between Pre-Yo-Yo IR1 HRV and heart rate (HR) at the respiratory compensation point (RCP-HR (bpm)) (r = -0.468) as well as oxygen uptake at the RCP (RCP- 2max VO (% of 2max VO )) (r = 0.476), respectively. A forward stepwise regression analysis showed that HR at ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1-HR (bpm)) contributed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) to the post-Yo-Yo IR1 HRV with a variance of 39.8%. Final Yo-Yo IR1 level also contributed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) to 3 minute post-Yo-Yo IR1 HRR with a variance of 16.5%. For the second part of the study the majority of significant relationships (p < 0.05) between the Actiheart and Bioforce obtained HRV results were observed for the post-recovery period (Mean RR, SDNN, RMSSD and Peak LF power), followed by the pre-anaerobic period (Mean R-R and SDNN) and the baseline period (LF:HF ratio). No significant relationships were observed between the HRV results of the two apparatuses during the post-anaerobic period. In conclusion, HRV and HRR may have the potential to act as affordable and easy measurement tools of team sport participants’ fitness levels. However, the study results suggested that the BioForce Heart Rate Variability System that is used to obtain team sport participants’ HRV is especially valid to determine HRV after recovery periods that follow hard training sessions. The results do however cast a shadow of doubt over the accuracy of this apparatus when used directly after hard training sessions. / MSc (Sport Science), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1471.pdf: 1734309 bytes, checksum: e1a25902d99a75515b696dcd901f26a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-28 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / In animal cell cultures there are two kinds of cell death: apoptosis (programmed cell death) and necrosis (cell death due to external sources). The inovative method of cell death identification that have attracted interest is the use of fluorescence microscopy and fluorescent dye (to bind DNA and RNA). Image analysis techniques has become a useful tool in cell death quantification, once they are non destructive for the culture and have easy application with using adjusted softwares. Based in these new technological trends, the present work considers the development of a methodology for quantification of apoptotic and necrotic cell death in cultures of insect cells Drosophila melanogaster (S2). This methodology involved the development of a experimental procedure using new dyes (YO-PRO-1 and Propidium Iodide), that have presented advantages over the others because they are non destructive to the culture an are able to clearly discriminate between apoptotic and necrotic cell death. The use of this dyes was compared with the method of exclusion of Trypan blue and fluorescent dyes Acridine Orange and Ethidium Bromide. Besides being less toxic to cells S2, YO-PRO-1 and Propidium Iodide showed more sensitivity in the identification of death and in the calculation of cell viability. It also envolved the development of an algorithm based on image analysis techniques for quantification of the two kinds of cell death, less subjective than the manual methods currently used. The algorithm showed to be efficient, fast an of easy application with a error around 2% when compared to manual methodology. The calculated cell concentration by the algorithm was very close to experimental. / Em cultivos de células animais existem dois tipos de morte celular: apoptose (morte celular programada) e necrose (morte devido a lesões causadas por fontes externas). O método inovador de identificação dessas mortes de células que tem atraído muito interesse é o uso de microscopia de fluorescência e corantes celulares fluorescentes capazes de tingir moléculas de DNA e RNA. Técnicas de análise de imagem têm se tornado uma ferramenta útil nessa quantificação de morte celular, uma vez que é não destrutiva para a cultura e de fácil aplicação com o uso de softwares adequados. Baseado nessas novas tendências tecnológicas, o presente trabalho teve como meta o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para quantificação de morte apoptótica e necrótica no cultivo de células de inseto Drosophila melanogaster (S2). Essa metodologia envolveu o desenvolvimento de um procedimento experimental utilizando corantes novos no mercado: o YO-PRO-1 e o Iodeto de Propídio, que têm apresentado vantagens sobre os outros corantes por não serem destrutivos para a cultura e discriminarem claramente a morte apoptótica da necrótica. A metodologia que faz uso destes corantes foi comparada com o método de exclusão por Azul de Tripan e com os corantes fluorescentes Laranja de Acridina e Brometo de Etídio. Além de serem menos tóxicos as células, o YO-PRO-1 e o Iodeto de Propído mostraram mais sensibilidade na identificação da morte e posterior cálculo da viabilidade celular. A metodologia também envolveu o desenvolvimento de um algoritmo baseado em técnicas de análise de imagens para quantificação dos dois tipos de morte celular, menos subjetiva que os métodos manuais atualmente utilizados. O algoritmo se mostrou eficiente, rápido e de fácil aplicação, gerando um erro de 2% quando comparado com a metodologia manual. Também realizou-se o cálculo da concentração celular por método computacional, ficando os valores bem próximos dos experimentais.

Background: Physiologic functional capacity through maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) can be measured in many different ways depending on sport and qualities needed to be assessed.In handball a demanding 3000 meter (m) running test is used to evaluate V̇O2max. If this test is sport specific or if it could be replaced by a less strenuous test is unknown. Aim: The aim ofthis study was to compare performance on 3000-meter running with predicted V̇O2max from a submaximal treadmill jogging test (SMTJ) and performance of the Yo-Yo intermittentrecovery test 1 (IR1). Methods: Male handball players (n = 12) performed the 3000 m running test, the Submaximal Treadmill Jogging test and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 1. Measurements in seconds (s), ml ∙ kg-1 ∙ min-1 and meters where collected and correlated using Pearson r, interclass correlation. Results: A strong significant linear correlation (p &lt; 0.01) was found between performance in 3000 m running (s) and Yo-Yo IR1 performance (m), r = - 0.724 (r2 = 0.524). A weak, not significant linear correlation (p &gt; 0.05)was found between performance in 3000 m running (s) and predicted V̇O2max from submaximal treadmill test (ml ∙ kg-1 ∙ min-1), r = - 0.309 (r2 = 0.095). Conclusion: According to this study the 3000 m running test could be replaced by the Yo-Yo IR1 test or vice versa in adolescent male handball players. The submaximal treadmill test used in this study had several potential errors in estimating V̇O2max, this is probably the reason why only a weak correlation was found between the SMTJ and the 3000 m running test.

Polymetric writing is an integral technique in contemporary compositional practice. Dan Welcher and Yo Goto are principal employers of this practice in the wind band medium. Their methods endure even the results of modern scholarship showing limited human perception of polyrhythmic events. This dissertation provides a comprehensive metric analysis of excerpts from the music of Welcher and Goto. Five examples are explored from major band works of each of the two composers. The analytical process in the study utilizes the metrical concept set forth by Maury Yeston, so that a comparison can be made between the rhythmic components of the competing meters. The results of the study show that both Welcher and Goto, in all ten excerpts, create polymetric sections containing elements that surpass the aural limits proposed by modern scholarship. Additionally, through identification of the misaligned metric layers causing each polymeter, pedagogical considerations are offered to aid performance of each identified excerpt.

El objetivo de este estudio es determinar el perfil de inteligencia emocional de estudiantes suecos de español y su grado de motivación ante la adquisición de una lengua extranjera, así como examinar la relación existente entre ambas variables. En cuanto a las motivaciones, el estudio se centra en el constructo del yo ideal del sistema motivacional de Dörnyei (2005). La relevancia del presente trabajo reside en que no hay constancia de investigaciones similares del español como lengua extranjera en el contexto sueco. Se parte de la hipótesis de que, más allá de la notoria importancia que tradicionalmente se ha otorgado a las habilidades cognitivas, la inteligencia emocional ocupa un lugar, si cabe aún más destacado en los procesos de aprendizaje. Para comprobar dicha hipótesis, se investiga la relación entre inteligencia emocional y motivación ante la adquisición del español como lengua extranjera, mediante el análisis de los datos recopilados en un cuestionario repartido a una pequeña muestra de estudiantes suecos. Los resultados obtenidos, efectivamente, indican una fuerte correlación entre ambas variables, lo cual señala la necesidad de fomentar la inteligencia emocional para impulsar la motivación en la adquisición del español como lengua extranjera.

This thesis explores lower secondary students’ meaning-making of epigenetic visual representations within and between biological organization levels. Data obtained from five focus group discussions where students indicated and reasoned about eight epigenetic visual representations were explored. By analyzing students’ interactions with multiple visual representations, and the impact of linking and reasoning patterns on their meaning-making, the research contributes insights to the learning of epigenetics.  Epigenetics, which is gaining rapid importance in emerging biology curricula, is communicated at different biological organization levels, and serves as the meaning-making context explored in the thesis. A compelling biology didactics context, where students are required to reason with multiple representations depicted within and between organizational levels to make meaning about epigenetics. The thesis uncovers three primary findings. First, four linking patterns in students’ meaning-making across and between organizational levels using various visual representations are illuminated. Second, five visual characteristics that influence students’ linking within and between levels were discerned. Third, students’ meaning-making processes were observed to emerge through four phases, which involved form and function attributes of the visual representations, and the transfer of scientific ideas across representations. / <p>Article 1 published in thesis as manuscript, now published.</p>

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