Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:17:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eloisa Gabriel dos Santos.pdf: 672225 bytes, checksum: 9f94a399599c3e1be795183c97740742 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper is about a testimony of three young women, whom are trafficking in persons target, in the city of Uruaçu, countryside of Goiás. The proposal is to discuss the political and subjective aspects that involve the universe of these women. Consist of a theoretical and methodological analysis, articulating the historical, cultural and political dimensions, based in the paradigm of human rights. The direction used was articulate the knowledge about trafficking in person for sexual exploitation, built in three years, combine with the militant practice about this theme. For a didactical effect, the analysis is organized in four parts: a) reflection about the concept of trafficking in persons, combined with the human rights issue; b)analysis of the causes that contribute to trafficking in persons, as the fetish, money, violence and subjectivities; c) the research, the subject and its contexts, and; d) analysis of the National Policy to Counter Trafficking in Persons and the subsidies to the Social Service: the politic of the Policy and the professional assistance issues / Este estudo mostra o depoimento de três jovens mulheres, alvos do tráfico de pessoas na cidade de Uruaçu, interior de Goiás, e tem como proposta discutir os aspectos políticos e subjetivos que envolvem o universo dessas mulheres. Constituiu-se em uma análise teórica e metodológica, a partir das dimensões histórica, cultural e política, com base no paradigma dos direitos humanos. O caminho adotado foi articular os saberes já construídos, nestes três anos e meio de estudo, acerca do tráfico de pessoas para a exploração sexual comercial, aliados à prática militante no que se refere a este tema. Para efeito didático, a análise está organizada em quatro momentos que se integram: a) reflexão sobre o conceito de tráfico de pessoas, sob o ponto de vista dos direitos humanos; b) análise dos fatores que contribuem para o tráfico de pessoas, abordando o fetiche, o capital, a violência e a subjetividade; c) a pesquisa, os sujeitos e seus contextos e; d) análise do Plano Nacional de Enfrentamento ao Tráfico de Pessoas e os Subsídios para o Serviço Social: a política do plano e as questões do atendimento profissional

Many young women today are concerned about their sexual health; an increasing number of them consult gynaecologists, youth centres (YCs) and general practitioners with vulvar problems such as painful sensations associated with vaginal intercourse (VIC). It is known that some women continue to have VIC despite pain. Theoretically, repeated painful VIC might elicit vaginistic reactions, which may increase the pain and induce vicious circles. Since many clinicians and researchers nowadays notice that pain during VIC often starts at young age, it is important to investigate how pain during VIC starts and is maintained in younger populations. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate young women’s experiences of ideal sexual situations and pain during VIC. Women aged 13-22 years participated in our studies, which used both quantitative (study I and IV) and qualitative (study II and III) methods. For paper I, a questionnaire was developed and used in a YC sample (n=300); informants for paper II were selected from that sample to participate in qualitative interviews (n=16). Another qualitative interview study for paper III with a complimentary research question was conducted in a different YC sample (n=14). For paper IV, a questionnaire was developed based on the results from study I, II and III to test the hypotheses derived from study II in a sample of female high school students (n=1566). The findings revealed that 65% of the women reported pain related to first VIC. Among those who reported VIC during the previous month, 49% had experienced pain and/or discomfort during VIC during that same period (paper I). In paper IV, 47% of the women reported experience of pain and/or discomfort during VIC, and among those, 47% continued to have VIC, 22% feigned enjoyment, and 33% omitted telling the partner about their pain. In paper II, the women’s reasons for continuing to have VIC despite pain were: striving to reach their ideal image of a woman, characterized as always willing to have VIC; being perceptive of their partner’s sexual needs; and being able to satisfy their partner. In paper IV the hypotheses derived from study II were confirmed and showed, for example that a significantly higher proportion of women who continue to have VIC despite pain than women who did not had difficulty refusing sex when the partner wants it, felt inferior to the partner during sex, regarded the partner’s satisfaction as more important than their own, felt dissatisfaction with their sex life, and feigned enjoyment despite pain. In a multivariate model, continuing to have VIC despite pain was associated with feelings of being inferior to the partner during sex (adjusted OR 1.82; CI 1.10-3.02), dissatisfaction with their own sex lives (adjusted OR 1.76; CI 1.14-2.72) and feigning enjoyment while having pain (adjusted OR 7.45; CI 4.37-12.69). The major reason for continuing to have VIC was that the partner’s enjoyment was prioritized higher than their own (paper IV). In paper III, we found that women without pain during VIC also felt pressure from social norms and demands and had experienced partners “driving their own race”. However, they managed to some extent to resist these unequal gender norms because of their urge to experience pleasure. In conclusion, pain during VIC is a common complaint among young Swedish women, and a high proportion of them continue having VIC despite pain. The women’s notion of prioritizing the partners´ enjoyment before their own illustrates that unequal gender regimes affect young women’s (hetero)sexuality negatively.

The topic of this study is girls and boys in the field of child welfare. The aim has been to trace and describe conceptions of gender, delinquency and social problems in child welfare from the end of the nineteenth century until the middle of the twentieth century. The sources of data in the study consist of legislative documents, journals and other historical literature representing the professional discourse. Two analytical approaches have been used. First, the sources were employed for descriptions of legislation and the legislative processes in child welfare. Second, the material was analyzed with a discursive approach to elucidate conceptions of gender and their importance in the legislative process and thus in the construction of social problems. Three main periods with different currants of ideas have been identified. In the first period moralism dominated. Thoughts about social problems were based in normative assumptions and scientific influences were rare. Child welfare legislation was deeply influenced by ideas of social control. Young people were to be controlled and disciplined especially through work: Girls through household work and care and boys through paid work. In the second period hygienism, ideas based in hygiene discourses, were the main trend. Genetically based arguments together with discussions about morality and poverty were used to explain social problems, and scientific methods were to be used to discipline and control young people. Proposals for measures take against social problems corresponded to two main lines, a hygienic-medical line and a social pedagogic line. The hygienic-medical line had a considerable influence on actions taken to prevent and deal with social problems. One example was the compulsory care and sterilization of certain young women to prevent them from reproducing. The social pedagogic line comprised parents’ education, the role of the family and sexual education. An increased use of psychological explanations for experiences and behaviour among individuals and groups was seen in the 1930’s; this marked the beginning of the third period, psychologism. During the period of psychologism, science, mainly represented by psychology and psychiatry, gradually achieved a greater impact in those processes where young people were categorized as social problems. If in the previous period external discipline was the means of control, in this period internalized self-discipline was to be the means of adjustment. The study showed that conceptions of girls and boys in child welfare were gendered throughout the first half of the twentieth century. This bias has had an impact on how girls and boys were treated in child welfare services. Discussions about social problems concerning girls were often about sexuality and sexual actions, and discussions concerning boys were about violence and criminality. Social problems among girls were seen above all as moral transgressions and social problems among boys as juridical transgressions. These differing conceptions are of great importance when considering how girls and boys were judged and treated according to the child welfare Acts in existence during the first part of the twentieth century.

Studiens syfte har varit att undersöka upplevelsen och betydelsen av att få en ADHD-diagnos hos unga kvinnor. Studien har haft en kvalitativ ansats och består av intervjuer med tre kvinnor i åldrarna 24 till 30 år som alla har fått sin diagnos efter tjugo års ålder. Utskrifterna från dessa intervjuer har meningskoncentrerats och har analyserats utifrån känsla av sammanhang, diagnossociologiska tankeströmningar och medikaliseringsbegreppet. De två forskningsfrågor som studien har ämnat besvara har varit dels hur de intervjuade kvinnorna har upplevt att få en ADHD-diagnos och dels vilken betydelse ADHD-diagnosen har haft för de intervjuade kvinnorna. Resultatet visar att kvinnorna i studien upplevde det som mestadels positivt att få en ADHD-diagnos och att diagnosen har ökat deras känsla av sammanhang avseende framför allt begriplighet och hanterbarhet men även avseende meningsfullhet. Att få en diagnos har enligt mina informanter inneburit att de förstår sig själva bättre och att de också har fått en större förståelse från andra. Diagnosen har också fungerat som en förklaringsmodell för ens eget beteende. Förutom att egna beteenden har omdefinierats till att förstås utifrån en medicinsk förklaringsmodell har diagnosen även inneburit att kvinnorna fått tillgång till hjälp och hjälpmedel som exempelvis receptbelagda läkemedel. Det har också underlättat utvecklingen av strategier för att klara av vardagen genom att antingen ”ADHD-säkra” eller använda diagnosen som en felsökningsmanual. Slutligen visar studien, som dess titel skvallrar om, på en alternativ bild av att ha en ADHD-diagnos än den som vanligtvis förmedlas i samhället, där kvinnorna ser på ADHD mer som en uppsättning personlighetsdrag som förvisso kan innebära vissa svårigheter i vardagen men som också för många goda saker med sig så som kreativitet, initiativrikedom och en förmåga att se möjligheter där andra ser problem. / The purpose of this study was to examine the experience and the meaning of being diagnosed with ADHD in young women. The study had a qualitative approach and consists of interviews with three women aged 24 to 30 whom all received their diagnosis after the age of 20. The transcripts from the interviews have been processed through meaning condensation and then content analysis, focusing on sense of coherence, sociology of diagnosis and medicalization. The study aims to answer two questions – how the interviewed women experienced being diagnosed with ADHD and what meaning the diagnosis had for the interviewed women. The results shows that the women in this study mainly had positive experiences of being diagnosed with ADHD and that the diagnosis increased their sense of coherence mainly in regards of comprehensibility and manageability but also regarding meaningfulness. Getting an ADHD-diagnosis has, according to the interviewed women, led to a greater understanding of themselves and also to a more understanding approach from others. The diagnosis has also been used as an explanation model for their own behavior. In addition to own behaviors being redefined to be understood in a medicinal explanation model, the diagnosis has also meant that the women has gained access to help and aids like, for instance, prescription drugs. It has also facilitated the development of strategies for managing everyday life through either “ADHD-securing” and using the diagnosis as a manual for troubleshooting.  Finally, this study shows an alternative picture of having an ADHD-diagnosis that differs from the picture that is usually conveyed in society, where the women in this study perceive ADHD more as a set of personality traits that indeed may cause difficulties in their everyday life but also brings a lot of good things with it, such as creativity, an ability to take initiatives and an ability to see possibilities where others see problems.

This study examines counselors understanding of body fixation (alt: body image fixation) as a social problem among young women aged 15-25 years. Earlier research on this subject highlights the standards and ideals placed on the female body where happiness is associated with a slim body figure. Research has shown that young women that compare their own bodies with others are at higher risk at developing an unhealthy relationship with their body, which can lead to eating disorders. The data for this study was collected through semi-structured interviews with nine counselors from youth clinics, schools and primary healthcare. The results were interpreted and analysed in the light of social constructionist perspective as developed by Berger & Luckmann and Loseke's social constructionist definition of social problems. The results of analysis show that counselors’ understandings of body fixation are constructed and perceived as a problem of body fixation which itself is part of a larger problem. Namely, the cause of body fixation is connected to a variety of factors such as poor self-esteem, parents’ behaviour in relation to their own bodies and the depiction of female body ideals in mass media, among others. Counselors meant that body fixation often becomes problematic as it drives young women to isolation and withdrawal from their social environments. The results reveal several similarities in relation to earlier research on the subject, and we conclude by presenting our own suggestions and ideas for future research within the subject, such as for instance increasing of the awareness of body fixation among young men. / Denna studie behandlar kuratorers uppfattning om kroppsfixering som ett socialt problem hos unga kvinnor i åldern 15-25 år. Tidigare forskning kring ämnet har framförallt belyst samhällets bild av kvinnokroppen genom de rådande kropp- och skönhetsidealen där ett smalhetsideal hör ihop med lycka och framställs som önskvärt. Forskning har visat att unga kvinnor som jämför sin egen kropp med andras ses ha en högre riskfaktor i att utveckla ett osunt förhållande till sin kropp som kan leda till ätstörningar. Datamaterialet för denna studie samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio kuratorer inom ungdomsmottagning eller likvärdig mottagning, skola och primärvården. Resultatet förstods och tolkades med socialkonstruktivistiskts perspektiv utifrån Berger & Luckmann och Loseke´s socialkonstruktivistiska definition om hur ett socialt problem konstrueras. Resultatet av analysen visade att kuratorers uppfattning om kroppsfixering konstruerades och sågs som ett problem i och med att kroppsfixeringen ansågs vara en del av en större problematik. Orsaken till kroppsfixering berodde på en rad olika faktorer såsom dålig självkänsla, föräldrars beteende kring sin egen kropp, massmedias bilder av hur kvinnokroppen ska se ut m.fl. Kuratorerna uppfattade att kroppsfixeringen blev problematisk när den ledde till att de unga kvinnorna isolerade sig själva från sin sociala omgivning. Resultatet visade på många likheter med tidigare forskning som behandlat ämnet och avslutningsvis presenteras våra idéer till vidare forskning inom ämnet bl.a. att belysa kroppsfixering bland unga män.

Eating disorders are debilitating psychiatric conditions which often result in severe impairment in many life domains. The sociocultural model specifies mechanisms through which sociocultural pressure leads to eating pathology among young women (Stice, 1994) and posits that exposure to the Western cultural thin ideal, internalization of the ideal and experience of a difference between self and ideal leads to body dissatisfaction, which is a well validated precursor to eating pathology. The current research examined whether the relationships between awareness of Western appearance ideals, internalization of such ideals, and body dissatisfaction were moderated by family food-related experiences and self-compassion. The current paper also investigated whether the strength of relationships between awareness of Western appearance ideals, internalization of such ideals, and body dissatisfaction are affected by certain types of family food-related experiences. Female university students (N = 106) completed self-report questionnaires. Results indicated that mindfulness, a constituent of self-compassion, moderated the relationship between internalization of cultural thinness standards and body dissatisfaction. In addition, self-compassion, each component of self-compassion and women’s perception of negative maternal family food-related experiences predicted internalization of Western societal norms of thinness, as well as body dissatisfaction. Moreover, women’s perception of negative paternal family food-related experiences predicted body dissatisfaction. Women’s perception of negative maternal commentary predicted internalization of Western beauty standards and body dissatisfaction. Finally, women’s perception of negative paternal commentary and paternal modelling of eating difficulties and body image concerns predicted internalization of those values. Future research should attempt to clarify causal relationships among self-compassion and family food-related experiences within the sociocultural model of eating disorders.

This thesis explores how the body and femininity are constructed by starting from the subjective experiences of 12 young women labelled with an intellectual impairment. The methodological approach is inspired by so-called participatory research. The study combines the concepts of (dis)ability and gender from a sociological perspective. It shows how the young women negotiate norms regarding the body and femininity to pursue the coveted body and femininity ideals, but also to do the opposite: resist these ideals. The thesis is based on the following four articles: Theorizing the Body: Conceptions of Disability, Gender and Normality addresses different perspectives on the body in relation to conceptions of disability, gender and normality. The article highlights the importance of integrating disability and gender when exploring an understanding of conceptions and constructions of the body. Negotiating Normality: The Complexity of Showing (off) Bodies identifies four different strategies the young women use to make themselves visible as fashionable young women of today, e.g. as non-disabled. It shows that these strategies comply with conceptions of fashion, and that they are at the same time expressions of different marks of resistance.                                                                            Risky Transitions in an Ableist Environment: The Experience of Frequent Critical Looks presents an exemplification of social construction of the body by focusing on critical looks. The concept of critical looks is analysed from an intersectional perspective, specifically in relation to how (dis)ability, gender and, to some extent, age interact. It shows how the body is made visible by being stared at, both to oneself and to others depending on place and interactions. Reflections on Collaborative Research: to What Extent, and on Whose Terms? discusses the possible methodological and ethical dilemmas found in different research phases, and in relation to the participants, in collaborative research within disability research. It shows that collaborative research can benefit from being problematized and discussed further regarding the categorization of disability as well as participation.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 410-433). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Orientador: Zélia Lopes da Silva / Banca: Janete Leiko Tanno / Banca: Antonio Carlos Duarte Carvalho / Resumo: A presente pesquisa discute as questões relacionadas às práticas das jovens das classes populares envolvidas nos crimes de estupro, sedução e rapto, todos delitos contra os costumes sociais, ocorridos na cidade de Assis entre os anos de 1950 e 1979, bem como as representações lançadas pelos membros do Poder Judiciário sobre tais comportamentos. A grande maioria das vítimas destes delitos estava diretamente envolvida no mercado de trabalho e possuía um menor monitoramento de suas práticas sociais. Diante disto, os membros do Poder Judiciário, os quais preservavam as representações tradicionais sobre o feminino, repreendiam estes comportamentos e os consideravam desviantes da moral e dos costumes. Sem levar em consideração a idade e as características culturais das vítimas, julgavam-nas como se fossem mulheres rebeldes e, muitas vezes, promíscuas. Pertencentes a um grupo social específico, essas jovens foram vítimas não apenas dos crimes contra os costumes, mas também da discriminação de uma sociedade machista e conservadora. / Abstract: This present research discusses questions related to practices of young women from popular classes involved in rape, seduction and kidnapping crimes, all these delicts against the social custom happened in Assis city between 1950 and the 1979, and it also discusses the representations instituted by members of the Judiciary Committee about these behaviors. Great part of the victims concerning those delicts was involved at the job market and had a low supervision of their social practices. For this reason, members of the Judiciary Committee, who preserved the traditional representations about the feminine, reprehended these behaviors and considered them diverged from the moral and custom. Without considering age and cultural features of the victims, they were judged as rebel and, most of the time, promiscuous women. Belonging to a specific social group, these young women were not only victims of crimes against the custom, but they were also victims of discrimination by a sexist and conservative society. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:56:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ninive_final.pdf: 1453037 bytes, checksum: c8d3a56f599241459c53b0ea48a6904e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-27 / Objectives: To determine the frequency of hepatitis B markers and risk factors associated with HBV infection in young women living in Vitória, ES where routine vaccination for newborns and adolescents started in 1993 and 2000, respectively. Methods: A population based survey performed in young women (18 to 29 years old) attending Family Health Program, samplied in three health regions of Vitória in 2006. Structured interviews were administered and blood sample collected to test for markers of HBV infection (HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HBs). Associations between anti-HBc and risk behavior or demographs and clinic variables associations were tested using chi-square test. Odds Ratio and confidence intervals were calculated to estimate the association between the infection and potential risk factors. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess factors independently associated with anti-HBc. Results: Of 1,200 selected women, 1,029 were enrolled (85.75%). Median age was 23 (interquartile range 20, 26) years and 93, 2% had more than four years of schooling. Forty-three women [4.2% (CI= 95% 2.97% - 5.43%)] were anti-HBc positive, and 9 [0.9% (CI= 95% 0.4%-1.6%)] HBsAg. There were 466 [45.3% (CI=95% 42.2% - 48.4%)] anti-HBs positive tests, 427 of them were anti-HBc and HBsAg negatives. Prevalence of anti-HBs positive with anti-HBc and HBsAg negatives reflects vaccine coverage of 43.7%. Family income of up to 4-times the minimum month salary was the only variable independently and significantly associated with anti-HBc [OR =2,6 (IC95% 1,06-6,29)]. Conclusions: These data show low prevalence of exposure to hepatitis B virus and its more frequent risk factors. Only income was associated with being positive for having been exposed to HBV. Besides income, it was not detected other risk factors to virus B infection in this population, what can suggest a lack of infected women profile. It is necessary to increase the vaccination to other age groups and perform in routine HBsAg in antenatal care, as protection measures to vertical transmission of HBV. / Objetivo: Determinar a freqüência dos marcadores para hepatite B e os fatores de risco associados com a infecção pelo vírus B em mulheres jovens residentes em Vitória, ES onde a vacinação de rotina em recém-nascidos e em adolescentes foi iniciada em 1993 e 2000, respectivamente. Métodos: Estudo populacional, por amostragem, realizado em três regiões de saúde de Vitória, entre mulheres jovens (18 a 29 anos), atendidas pelo Programa de Saúde da Família em 2006. Entrevistas estruturadas, contendo perguntas fechadas, foram aplicadas e uma amostra de sangue foi coletada e analisada para os marcadores da infecção pela hepatite B (HBsAg, anti-HBc e anti-HBs). Associação entre a presença do anti-HBc total e o comportamento de risco ou variáveis demográficas e clínicas foram testadas através de testes de qui-quadrado. Odds Ratio e intervalos de confiança foram calculados para estimar o grau de associação entre a infecção e os potenciais fatores de risco. Análise multivariada de regressão logística foi utilizada para identificar variáveis independentemente associadas com a presença do anti-HBc. Resultados: De 1.200 mulheres selecionadas, 1.029 (85,8%) participaram do estudo. A mediana de idade foi 23 anos (distância interquartil 20-26 anos) e 93,2% tinham mais de quatro anos de escolaridade. Quarenta e três mulheres [4,2% (IC= 95% 2,97% - 5,43%)] apresentaram anti-HBc total positivo e nove [0,9% (IC= 95% 0,4%- 1,6%)] HBsAg positivo. Foram encontrados 466 [45,3% (IC=95% 42,2% - 48,4%)] testes anti-HBs positivos, dos quais 427 mulheres eram anti-HBc e HBsAg negativos. A prevalência do anti-HBs positivo, com anti-HBc e HBsAg negativos reflete a cobertura vacinal que foi de 43,7%. A única variável significativamente associada com anti-HBc positivo foi renda mensal de até 4 salários mínimos [OR=2,6 (IC95% 1,06-6,29)]. Conclusão: Os dados mostram baixa prevalência da exposição ao vírus B e seus fatores de risco mais conhecidos. Além da renda, não se detectou outros fatores de risco significativos para a aquisição do vírus nessa população, o que sugere não haver um perfil para a mulher infectada. Faz-se necessário ampliar a cobertura vacinal às faixas etárias mais altas, e realizar rotineiramente HBsAg no pré-natal, como medidas de proteção à transmissão vertical do VHB.