Insectivorous bats have been found to have unusually high levels of mercury. While broad geographic scale studies have investigated factors contributing to mercury bioaccumulation in bats across Canada, studies investigating differences in regional scale bioaccumulation and the contributing factors remain scarce. Here, I comprehensively investigate the bioaccumulation of mercury in two insectivorous bats, the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) and the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), collected over a period of ~20 years along the St. Lawrence River in Eastern Ontario, parts of which are historical hotspots of mercury, to address two objectives: First the determination of biological and environmental factors, including dietary sources, contributing to reported patterns of fur total mercury bioaccumulation, and second the investigation of DNA-based biomarkers as potential tools to assess internal tissue-responsiveness to mercury exposure, specifically global DNA methylation and expression levels of mitochondrial DNA. With regard to factors determining fur total mercury concentration in Eastern Ontario bats, significant differences between species exist, as higher concentrations were found in big brown bats compared to little brown bats. Sex contributed to differences in fur total mercury, however in a species-specific manner. Male fur contained higher total mercury concentrations compared to females in big brown bats, but not little brown bats. Female reproductive status differentially affected fur mercury concentrations between both species, reducing concentrations in pregnant little brown bats, while significantly increasing concentrations during lactation in big brown bats. Finally, fur total mercury concentration in adults was higher than that of juvenile bats (< 1 yr). To address the hypothesis that aquatic emerging and terrestrial insect diets differentially contribute to Eastern Ontario bat mercury concentration, I used stable isotope analysis and telemetry approaches and caught aquatic and terrestrial insects. While higher total mercury was identified in aquatic compared to terrestrial insects, a high degree of variability in the isotope signature in insects and bats in Eastern Ontario did not allow to fully address this hypothesis. However, data pointed to a more specialized diet in big brown bats compared to a more generalist diet in little brown bats as well as a sex-specific correlation between dietary source and fur total mercury concentration in little and big brown bats. The evaluation of potential epigenetic and mitochondrial DNA-level molecular biomarkers in kidney, brain and liver (DNA methylation and assessment of relative mitochondrial DNA copy number) did not reveal significant correlations with fur total mercury concentrations. This may suggest that the mercury concentrations measured in this study were not high enough to elicit these specific DNA level responses or they do not represent relevant biomarkers of environmental methylmercury exposure, at least in big brown bats. Overall, this thesis contributes to our understanding of regional variability in fur total mercury concentration within and between Eastern Ontario bat species. These findings provide important insights for future targeted investigations of the contribution of aquatic emerging and terrestrial insect dietary sources on the one hand and underline the importance of accounting for regional variability in more global scale comparisons of bat mercury bioaccumulation on the other.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:uottawa.ca/oai:ruor.uottawa.ca:10393/43351 |
| Date | 03 March 2022 |
| Creators | Bedard, Bailey |
| Contributors | Mennigen, Jan Alexander |
| Publisher | Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa |
| Source Sets | Université d’Ottawa |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
| Format | application/pdf |
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