民間故事凝聚了民眾的情感與風俗，「變形」母題在民間故事中具有特別的文化意涵。筆者搜集318則中國各地的「人變異類」故事，依照情節特色將故事分類敘述：在神話裡的「變形」展現先民對抗大自然的奮鬥過程；人物傳說中的「變形」刻劃了英雄「犧牲小我，完成大我」的偉大情操；風物傳說中的「變形」帶有惜福愛物之心；神奇故事中的寶物與法術都能引發「變形」；生活故事中的「變形」凸顯小人物的苦難與愛情的堅貞不渝；寓言中的「變形」則大多是懲罰。
在「人變異類」故事的敘事分析方面，故事中最常提到拯救社會的大英雄，以及飽受欺負的悲苦人物，人物的名字與變形物往往有相對應的連結，故事的情節模式大致分為「不凡的命運」→「現實的考驗」→「超現實的結局」。而變形的原因歸類為「遭遇危險」、「期望未成」、「懲罰性變形」。變形的類型分為「直接的變化」，變化時間短則一瞬間，長則數年之久；「有憑藉物的變化」，例如運用寶物、衣服進行變形；而「連續變形」則以蛇郎君故事為代表。變形的環境以「懸崖」、「烈火」、「水域」、「雷電風雨」、「墳墓(土)」有較多的描述，壁畫與懸棺的文化顯示懸崖是一個特殊的神祕空間，烈火、水域、土皆被視為「再生」，雷電則具有懲罰的能力。
變形物在「人變異類」故事中有特別的文化意涵，魚、蝴蝶、「龍鳳匹配」皆隱喻愛情，樹、花、彩虹都有美好的象徵，石頭代表生殖與誓言，鳥類的叫聲表達主人翁的心境，杜鵑鳥有其特殊的悲苦意涵。各地不同的地形風貌、風俗習慣影響著變形物的流傳與寓意，例如藥材由來的故事與望夫石傳說，大多屬於解釋性傳說，苗族的樹崇拜、滿族的鳥崇拜影響故事中變形物的選擇。「人變異類」故事表現人類對於生命意義的追求，表達了人民對自然、社會抗爭的不屈精神，以及對人、事、物的感恩，而道教與佛教的觀念間接影響著民間故事的變形觀。「人變異類」故事中，無論是角色的對比、環境的渲染、情節的推演、變形物的象徵，皆烘托出「變形」情節在「人變異類」故事中的「不可變動性」。以人為主體的描述方式，透過超現實的「變形」情節，表達人類堅強的意志力、決心與純潔的真善美價值。 / Folk tales combine the customs of the people's emotional, "deformation" Motif in the folk tale has a special cultural meaning. The author collected 318 Chinese around the "human variation" stories, classified according to the story plot . In the natural mythology "deformation" to show the process of our ancestors struggle against nature; figure of the legendary "deformed" scored a hero "sacrificing for the greater good" of the great sentiment; In helenahat legendary,"deformed" has cherish love for things ; in amazing story, treasure and magic can lead to "distortion"; life story of "deformation" highlights the suffering of ordinary people and the steadfast love; fabled 's "deformation" is mostly punishment .
In the "human variation" story of narrative analysis, the most frequently mentioned in the story are a great hero that save society, as well as the misery suffered bullying characters, figure names and deformation often have a corresponding links, the plot can be divided into" extraordinary destiny "→" reality test "→" surreal ending. "The cause of the deformation can be classified as "defuse the crisis", "psychological expectations," "punitive deformation", "magic." Deformation mode is divided into "direct natural variation," changes in a short time,or as long as several years; " deformation by something" such as the use of treasures, clothes for deformation; while "continuous deformation" places snakeman story as a representative. Deformation of the environment as "cliff", "fire", "water", "lightning and storm", "tomb (soil)" have more description, cliff Contains natural worship and witchcraft culture, fire, water and earth are all considered "reborn," lightning then have the ability to punish.
"Human variation " story perform the pursuit of human meaning of life, express the indomitable spirit to natural and social protest, as well as gratitude for averthing, and the Taoist and Buddhist concepts indirectly influencing the deformation of folk tales. Deformation in "human variation" story has a special cultural meaning, fish, butterflies," dragon and phoenix match "are metaphors of love, trees, flowers, rainbow has a beautiful symbol. Stone represents reproductive and vows, birds cry expression masters of mind, the cuckoo has its special misery meaning.Style and customs over different terrain, affecting the meaning of dformation, for example, the story of herbs origin and Amah Rock legends mostly explanatory legends, Hmong tree worship, the birds worship influence selection of deformation in the story. In the story of human’s variation, whether it is the role of contrast, the rendering of the environment, the deduction of the episode, a symbol of deformed material, all express a "deformation" episode "non-volatility" in the story of human’s variation story. Description of the human subject, through the surreal "deformation" episode, expressed strong willpower, determination and pure value of the good and the beautiful.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:CHENGCHI/G0099912003 |
| Creators | 林雪玲 |
| Publisher | 國立政治大學 |
| Source Sets | National Chengchi University Libraries |
| Language | 中文 |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Rights | Copyright © nccu library on behalf of the copyright holders |
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