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從城隍廟陪祀神觀察城隍神的角色與職能 ―以臺灣本島城隍廟為核心 / Defining the Roles and Function of City-Gods through the Accompanying Deities in the Temples―― With an Emphasis on City-God Temples in Taiwan

本研究的主要提問是:「城隍神的角色為何﹖」並且選擇「社會角色」作為本研究的分析架構。華人的超自然世界形同一個社會,其中的神祇是社會化的,祂們並以群體的方式出現在廟宇中。而且,廟內神祇之間存在的關係,定義了祂們所處的微型社會,以及祂們的角色。就像是父子、母子、夫妻這些關係定義了存在這些關係的場域為「家庭」這個微型社會,以及父親、母親、女兒這些角色。因此,本研究以這樣的架構,去探討城隍神的角色。
根據本研究的探討,當代臺灣本島城隍神的角色有四種:1.地方官,2.陰間執法官,3.鬼王,4.地方守護神。對照歷史時期中國城隍神的角色,發現臺灣本島城隍神的角色不脫離城隍信仰的源頭――中國,清朝時期的中國城隍神就已經具有當代臺灣本島所有的城隍神角色了。然而,在一個集體概念之下的城隍神還是有屬於當代的、臺灣本島的形式表現與內涵解釋。一是城隍神因應環境而被強化的既有角色,例如鬼王。一是在既有的角色上,因應需求,使得角色的內容有新的轉向,例如同是地方守護神,卻產生針對不同需求的守護內容。
也就是說,從城隍神的角色來看,有不變,也有變的內涵。那麼,變與不變之間是斷裂的,亦或有其連續性呢?本研究發現城隍神的多元角色,不脫離其根源的概念:土、地、陰。這個概念根源,是其一切變化的源頭。而各種角色與概念根源之間展現出一種連續性,是因為城隍神或說民間信仰神祇的各種角色必須要有合理的立基基礎方能成立,而且,其基礎是建立在一套文化知識或聯想邏輯上的。
最後,筆者認為,除了文字之外,廟宇中的陪祀神也是一種描述的符號。這一類在漢人宗教研究中一種未被關注的描述符號,可以提供我們另外一種觀看漢人神祇的重要角度。 / The goal of this article is to answer “What roles does the City God play?” Concerning role is the issue, “social roles” is taken as the analyzing structure here. The supermundane world of Chinese religion is embodied in the temples. In the temples, the deities do not show up alone, and they are socialized. The relationship between the chief deity and the accompanying deities defines the society where they are and the roles they play.
Through the analyzing structure of social roles, this research found that the City God in modern Taiwan island plays 4 roles: 1. Magistrate, 2. The judge in the hell, 3. Chief of ghost, and 4. Regional protector. Compared with the roles of the City God in historical era, the 4 roles are not new. Even though sharing a general and consistent image, the City God with modern interpretation incidentally have different expression and content to meet new needs.
Futher, after examining the elements of roles, the core concepts of the variations: soil(土), ground(地), and yin(陰) come to light. All the roles necessarily link to the core concepts because the concepts are the logical base of the City God belief, and they provide the legitimacy.
After all, this research proves that the structure of “social role” is applicable in understanding Chinese deities, and the “accompanying deities” play crucial roles in identifying the roles of the chief deity in the temple.

Identiferoai:union.ndltd.org:CHENGCHI/G0098156003
Creators林俞君, Lin, Yu Chun
Publisher國立政治大學
Source SetsNational Chengchi University Libraries
Language中文
Detected LanguageEnglish
Typetext
RightsCopyright © nccu library on behalf of the copyright holders

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