<p>Kao jedna od najstarijih grupa fotoautotrofnih mikroorganizama, cijanobakterije predstavljaju široko rasprostranjene prokariote sa raznovrsnim metaboličkim strategijama u cilju preživljavanja i adaptacije na različite uslove životne sredine. Upravo zbog toga, cijanobakterije su značajne kao producenti različitih biološki aktivnih metabolita. Međutim, većina studija o cijanobakterijama uglavnom je vezana za cijanobakterije vodenih ekosistema. Predmet istraživanja ovog rada je<br />utvrđivanje diverziteta autohtonih cijanobakterija šumskih ekosistema i karakterizacija odabranih terestričnih cijanobakterijskih predstavnika planinskih područja Srbije izolovanih tokom trogodišnjeg monitoringa kroz utvrđivanje njihovih osnovnih ekofizioloških, biohemijskih i genetičkih karakteristika. Rezultati dobijeni u ovom radu su ukazali na diverzitet zemljišnih cijanobakterija šumskih staništa ispitivanih planinskih područja kao i na njihov metabolički diverzitet, odnosno potencijal produkcije različitih bioaktivnih jedinjenja. Na osnovu taksonomski važnih odlika identifikovano je i okarakterisano 20 cijanobakterijskih sojeva za koje je utvrđeno da pripadaju sledećim rodovima: <em>Nostoc, Anabaena, Tolypothrix, Calothrix</em>, <em>Cylindrospermum, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Phormidium</em>. Identifikacija izolovanih cijanobakterija primenom molekularanog markera 16S rRNK u većini slučajeva (90%) je potvrdila preliminarnu identifikaciju rodova na osnovu morfoloških kriterijuma. U pogledu produkcije biomase dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da je produkcija biomase kod odabranih testiranih cijanobakterijskih sojeva zavisila od primenjenih uslova kultivacije. Utvrđeno je da su azot, glukoza i saharoza delovali u pravcu stimulacije produkcije biomase kod velikog broja sojeva. Najveća produkcija biomase detektovana je kod soja <em>Calothrix </em>M2 u prisustvu azota u medijumu. Kod soja <em>Nostoc </em>T18 zabeleženo je najveće povećanje produkcije biomase u prisustvu glukoze i saharoze u medijumu. Takođe, sadržaj fikobiliproteina bio je povećan kod većine testiranih sojeva u prisustvu glukoze i saharoze u medijumu. Ispitivanjem sadržaja ugljenih hidrata (glukoze, fruktoze i ksiloze) konstatovano je prisustvo sva tri monosaharida kod svih sojeva pri čemu je svaki soj imao specifičan ugljeno-hidratni profil. Sadržaj monosaharida kod svih testiranih sojeva opadao je u sledećem redosledu glukoza ˃fruktoza ˃ ksiloza. Izuzetnu sposobnost produkcije heksoza i pentoza ispoljila su tri soja<em> Nostoc </em>M1<em>, Phormidium </em>T11 i <em>Calothrix </em>M2. Antibakterijska aktivnost intracelularnih ekstrakata registrovana je kod 16 testiranih cijanobakterijskih sojeva i zavisila je od kombinacije cijanobakterijski-bakterijski soj i tipa primenjenog ekstrakta. U odnosu na heksanske ekstrakte, metanolni ekstrakti su pokazali veću efikasnost, ukazujući na prirodu bioaktivnih jedinjenja sa antibakterijskim delovanjem. Najefikasnijim su se pokazali 75% MeOH ekstrakti cijanobakterijskih sojeva<em> Oscillatoria</em> M2, <span id="cke_bm_336S" style="display: none;"> </span><em>Calothrix</em><span id="cke_bm_336E" style="display: none;"> </span> M2,<em> Lyngbya</em> T7 i <em>Cylindr<span id="cke_bm_337E" style="display: none;"> </span>ospermum</em> K1 koji su ispoljili antibakterijsku aktivnost na 4 testirane bakterije. Hemijskom analizom masno kiselinskog sastava utvrđeno je da je masno kiselinski sadržaj cijanobakterijskih sojeva varirao u zavisnosti od soja. Najznačajniji konstituenti testiranih cijanobakterijskih sojeva bile su 18-to i 16-to ugljenične masne kiseline poput linolne kiseline i α-linoleinske. Najveći sadržaj linolne kiseline detektovan je kod sojeva <span id="cke_bm_344S" style="display: none;"> </span><em>Phormidium</em><span id="cke_bm_344E" style="display: none;"> </span> T11 i <em>Tolypothrix</em> K11 što ukazuje na sojeve kao potencijalno značajne izvore esencijalnih masnih kiselina. Antiradikalska aktivnost detektovana je kod svih testiranih cijanobakterijskih sojeva. U DPPH eseju, etanolni ekstrakti soja<em> Calothrix</em> M2 ispoljili su najefikasniju sposobnost „hvatanja“ DPPH·radikala dok je u slučaju FRAP metode najveću redukujuću moć imao etanolni ekstrakt soj <em>Cylindrospermum</em> K1. Hemijskom analizom fenolnog sastava kod analiziranih cijanobakterijskih sojeva identifikovano je i kvantifikovano ukupno 21 fenolno jedinjenje. Fenolni sastav je varirao u zavisnosti od soja, a najčešće detektovana fenolna jedinjenja bila su luteolin-7-O-glukozid, bajkalin i kemferol. Soj sa najznačajnijom sposobnošću produkcije fenolnih jedinjenja bio je <em>Phormidium </em>M1 kod koga je identifikovano prisustvo 11 fenolnih jedinjenja. Testirajem toksičnosti intracelularnih ekstrakata u biotestovima <span id="cke_bm_355S" style="display: none;"> </span><span id="cke_bm_353S" style="display: none;"> </span><em>A. salina</em><span id="cke_bm_355E" style="display: none;"> </span><span id="cke_bm_353E" style="display: none;"> </span>, <span id="cke_bm_356S" style="display: none;"> </span><em>D. magna</em><span id="cke_bm_356E" style="display: none;"> </span> i <em>D. rerio</em> ukupno 40<span id="cke_bm_357E" style="display: none;"> </span>% testiranih sojeva ispoljilo je toksičan efekat. Najtoksičnijim sojem se pokazao soj <em>Nostoc</em> T7 koji je ispoljio tok<span id="cke_bm_354E" style="display: none;"> </span>sičnost u sva tri testa. U slučaju biotesta <em>A. salina </em>najtoksičnijim sojevima pokazali su se <em>Nostoc</em><span id="cke_bm_368E" style="display: none;"> </span><span id="cke_bm_366E" style="display: none;"> </span> T7,<em> Oscillatoria </em>M2, <em>Oscillatoria </em>T18 i <em>Nostoc</em> K15. Cijanobakterijski sojevi koji su ispoljili najpotentniju aktivnost u biotestu <em>D. magna</em> bili su <span id="cke_bm_382S" style="display: none;"> </span><span id="cke_bm_380S" style="display: none;"> </span><em>Tolypothrix</em><span id="cke_bm_382E" style="display: none;"> </span><span id="cke_bm_380E" style="display: none;"> </span> K15, <span id="cke_bm_383S" style="display: none;"> </span><em>Nostoc</em><span id="cke_bm_383E" style="display: none;"> </span> T7 i <em>Calothrix</em> M2. <span id="cke_bm_384E" style="display: none;"> </span><span id="cke_bm_381E" style="display: none;"> </span>U biotestu sa embrionima zebrica, soj sa najznačajnijim teratogenim efektom bio je <em>Cylindrospermum</em> K1. U pogledu uticaja ekstrakta testiranog soja na ekspresiju gena kod model organizma <span id="cke_bm_392S" style="display: none;"> </span><em>D. rerio</em><span id="cke_bm_392E" style="display: none;"> </span>, <em>Cylindrospermum</em> K1 je ispoljio sposobnost modulacije bioloških procesa poput cirkadijalnog ritma kao i sposobnost p<span id="cke_bm_393E" style="display: none;"> </span>rodukcije <br />jedinjenja sa estrogenim efektom. Rezultati analize toksigeničnosti testiranih cijanobakterijskih sojeva su pokazali da geni <em>mcyB</em> i <em>mcyE</em> koji su uključeni u produkciju cijanotoksina mikrocistina nisu detektovani ni u jednom od testiranih sojeva. Odsustvo dva gena <span id="cke_bm_399E" style="display: none;"> </span>iz mcy genskog klastera ukazuje na to da su druga jedinjenja odgovorna za uočen toksični efekat u primenjenim biotestovima. Dobijeni<br />rezultati ukazuju na značaj ispitivanja zemljišnih cijanobakterija, s obzirom na to da su rezultati ovog rada ukazali na velik metabolički diverzitet ispitivanih sojeva i izražen potencijal produkcije različitih bioaktivnih jedinjenja.</p> / <p>As one of the oldest groups of photoautotrophic microorganisms, cyanobacteria represent widespread prokaryotes with diverse metabolic strategies in order to survive and adapt to different environmental conditions. For this reason, cyanobacteria are significant as producers of various biologically active metabolites. However, most of the studies are mainly related to cyanobacteria of aquatic ecosystems. The subject of the research of this dissertation is to determine the diversity of autochthonous cyanobacteria of forest ecosystems and to characterize selected terrestrial cyanobacterial representatives of mountainous areas of Serbia isolated during three year monitoring by determining their basic ecophysiological, biochemical and genetic characteristics. The results obtained in this dissertation have show the diversity of soil cyanobacteria of forest habitats of the investigated mountain areas as well as their metabolic diversity and potential to produce various bioactive compounds. Based on taxonomically important features, 20 cyanobacterial strains have been identified to belong to the following genera: <em>Nostoc, Anabaena</em>, <em>Tolypothrix, Calothrix, Cylindrospermum, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Phormidium</em>. Identification of the isolated cyanobacteria using the molecular marker 16S rRNA in most cases (90%) confirmed the preliminary identification of genera based on morphological criteria. In terms of biomass production, the obtained results showed that the production of biomass in the selected tested cyanobacterial strains hepended on the applied cultivation conditions. It was found that nitrogen, glucose and sucrose acted towards the stimulation of biomass production in a large number of strains. The largest biomass production was detected in strain <em>Calothrix</em> M2 in the presence of nitrogen in the medium. In the presence of glucose and sucrose in the medium the highest increase in biomass production was recorded in cyanobacterial strain <em> Nostoc </em> T18. Also, the content of phycobiliproteins has been increased in most of the tested strains in the presence of glucose and sucrose in the medium. Examination of the carbohydrate content (glucose, fructose and xylose) showed that all three monosaccharides were present in all strains and that each strain had a specific carbohydrate profile whereby the content of monosaccharides in all tested strains declined in the following order: glucose ˃ fructose ˃ xylose. Among the tested strains, three strains namely <span id="cke_bm_329S" style="display: none;"> </span><em>Nostoc </em><span id="cke_bm_329E" style="display: none;"> </span>M1, <em>Phormidium </em>T11 and <em>Calothrix</em> M2 showed the exceptional ability to produce hexose and pentose. The antibacterial activity of intracellular extracts was recorded in 16 tested cyanobacterial strains and depended on the combination of cyanobacterial-bacterial strain and the type of applied extract. Compared to hexane extracts, methanol extracts showed greater efficiency, indicating on the nature of bioactive compounds with antibacterial activity. The most effective were 75% MeOH extracts of cyanobacterial strains <span id="cke_bm_338S" style="display: none;"> </span><em>Oscillatoria</em><span id="cke_bm_338E" style="display: none;"> </span> M2, <span id="cke_bm_339S" style="display: none;"> </span><em>C<span id="cke_bm_330E" style="display: none;"> </span>alothrix</em><span id="cke_bm_339E" style="display: none;"> </span> M2, <em>Lyngby</em>a T7 an<span id="cke_bm_340E" style="display: none;"> </span>d <em>Cylindrospermum</em> K1 which exhibited antibacterial activity on 4 tested bacteria. Results of the analysis of the fatty acid composition showed that the fatty acid content of tested cyanobacterial strains varied depending on the strain. The most significant constituents of the tested cyanobacterial strains were 18 and 16 carbonic fatty acids such as linoleic acid, α-linoleic. The highest content of linoleic acid was detected in two strains, <span id="cke_bm_350S" style="display: none;"> </span><span id="cke_bm_348S" style="display: none;"> </span><em>Phormidium</em><span id="cke_bm_350E" style="display: none;"> </span><span id="cke_bm_348E" style="display: none;"> </span> T11 and <span id="cke_bm_351S" style="display: none;"> </span><em>Tolypot<span id="cke_bm_351E" style="display: none;"> </span>hri</em>x K11, indicatin<span id="cke_bm_352E" style="display: none;"> </span>g that these strains can be potentially significant sources of essential fatty acids. Results of antioxidant tests showed that all tested strains had antiradical activity. In the case of DPPH assay, ethanolic extracts of <em>Calothrix </em>M2 exhibited the most effective ability to scavenge DPPH •radical while in the case of the FRAP method, ethanolic extract of <em> Cylindrospermum</em> K1 had the greatest reduction power. Accordi<span id="cke_bm_349E" style="display: none;"> </span>ng to data obtained from chemical analysis of the phenolic composition of the analyzed cyanobacterial strains, a total of 21 phenol compounds were identified and quantified. The phenolic composition varied depending on the strain, and the most frequently detected phenolic compounds were luteolin-7-O-glucoside, baicalin and kaempferol. The strain with the most asignificant ability to produce phenolic compounds was<em> Phormidium</em> M1, in which the presence of 11 phenolic compounds was identified. The results of the toxicity of intracellular extracts obtained in <em>A. salina, D. magna and D. rerio </em>biotests, showed that a total of 40% of the tested strains exhibited a toxic effect. The most toxic strain was <em> Nostoc </em> T7 due to the fact that it showed toxicity in all three tests. In the case of <em>A. salina </em>biotest, the most potent strains were <span id="cke_bm_365S" style="display: none;"> </span><em>Nostoc</em><span id="cke_bm_365E" style="display: none;"> </span> T7, <em>Oscillatoria</em> M2, <em>Oscillatoria </em> T18 and <em>Nostoc</em> K15. Cyano<span id="cke_bm_366E" style="display: none;"> </span>bacterial strains that exhibited the most prominent activity in <em>D. magna</em> biotest were <span id="cke_bm_378S" style="display: none;"> </span><span id="cke_bm_376S" style="display: none;"> </span><em>Tolypothrix </em><span id="cke_bm_378E" style="display: none;"> </span><span id="cke_bm_376E" style="display: none;"> </span>K15,<span id="cke_bm_379S" style="display: none;"> </span><em> Nostoc</em><span id="cke_bm_379E" style="display: none;"> </span> T7 and <em>Calothrix</em> M2. In bi<span id="cke_bm_380E" style="display: none;"> </span><span id="cke_bm_377E" style="display: none;"> </span>otest with zebrafish embryos, the strain with the most significant teratogenic effect was <em>Cylindrospermum</em> K1. Regarding the effect of cyanobacterialextract on gene expression in model organism<span id="cke_bm_388S" style="display: none;"> </span><em> D. rerio,</em><span id="cke_bm_388E" style="display: none;"> </span> cyanobacterial strain <em>Cylindrospermum</em> K1 exhibited the ability to modulate biological processes such as circadian rhythm as well as <span id="cke_bm_389E" style="display: none;"> </span>the ability to produce compounds with an estrogenic effect. The results of the toxicogenetic analysis of the tested cyanobacterial strains have shown that the genes <span id="cke_bm_394S" style="display: none;"> </span><em> mcyB</em><span id="cke_bm_394E" style="display: none;"> </span> and <em>mcyE </em> involved in the production of cyanotoxin microcystins have not been detected in any of the tested strains. The absence of two genes from the mcy gene cluster indicates<span id="cke_bm_395E" style="display: none;"> </span> that other compounds are responsible for the observed toxic effect in applied biotests. The obtained results point out on the importance of the study of soil cyanobacteria, since the obtained results have indicated that the tested strains possess a large metabolic diversity and potential to produce various bioactive compounds.</p>
Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:uns.ac.rs/oai:CRISUNS:(BISIS)107070 |
Date | 17 May 2018 |
Creators | Babić Olivera |
Contributors | Simeunović Jelica, Svirčev Zorica, Đurić Simonida |
Publisher | Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences at Novi Sad |
Source Sets | University of Novi Sad |
Language | Serbian |
Detected Language | Unknown |
Type | PhD thesis |
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