Background
Due to population growth, aging, urbanisation, increasing prevalence of obesity and physical
inactivity, diabetes mellitus (DM) has become one of the most important and prevalent chronic
diseases. Glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) assessment is currently being used all over to
monitor glycaemic control as a cornerstone of diabetes care. It might also be a useful screening tool
for non–insulin dependent DM, also known as type 2 DM (T2DM). Elevated HbA1c can be linked
with long–term risk of cardiovascular complications.
Aim
The aim of the study was to determine whether HbA1c can be used as reliable screening tool for
early detection of T2DM in an African population.
Methods
This study was a cross–sectional study and was part of the South African, North–West Province (SANWP)
leg of the 12–year Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study. Baseline
data was collected from March to December 2005. A total of 2010 volunteers were recruited from
randomly selected households. Data was collected on socio–demographic characteristics, physical
activity, dietary intakes, blood pressure and anthropometry. HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG),
liver enzymes and HIV status were determined. Ethical approval for the PURE study was obtained
in July 2004. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were also done for a sub–group of 465 subjects.
The Statistical Consultation Services of the North–West University were consulted to analyse data
with SPSS 17.0 and STATISTICA 9.0.
Results
The HbA1c values within the diabetic FPG groups were 7.46% for men and 8.08% for women.
HbA1c values increased significantly progressively from the normal FPG groups to the groups with
impaired FPG and the diabetic FPG groups for both men and women. No significant increases were
found in HbA1c between the OGTT groups (normal 2 hour plasma glucose (PG), impaired 2–hour
PG and diabetic 2–hour PG). Total cholesterol, triglycerides, body mass index and FPG increased
significantly and high–density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly with an increase in
HbA1c values in men and women. In addition, systolic blood pressure increased significantly in
women with increased HbA1c. Thus, with an increase in HbA1c, an increase in the number of risk
factors was observed. When using HbA1c and FPG in combination, 43 subjects of the whole population were detected with having a risk of developing T2DM. However, when considering the
commonality of subjects identified to be diabetic or at risk by the OGTT, FPG and HbA1c
individually, only one subject was identified by all the methods as having diabetes or being at risk to
develop diabetes.
Discussion and conclusions
An increase in HbA1c and FPG was associated with an increase in risk factors and therefore with
metabolic syndrome (MS). MS is associated with an increased risk of developing T2DM and
therefore it can be concluded that HbA1c was useful for detecting in this population individuals at
increased risk of developing T2DM. The use of FPG and HbA1c in combination was considered a
better screening tool when compared to HbA1c alone. Factors other than what were measured in
this study might be the cause of the unexpected results obtained in the participants with impaired
OGTT. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:nwu/oai:dspace.nwu.ac.za:10394/5558 |
| Date | January 2011 |
| Creators | Pieterse, Karen |
| Publisher | North-West University |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
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