Neste trabalho, amostras de oxido de grafite (GO), sintetizadas pelo metodo de Hummers modificado, foram investigadas com enfase no efeito de altas pressoes aplicadas tanto simultaneamente a tratamentos termicos quanto aplicadas a temperatura ambiente. A estrutura do GO e semelhante a do precursor de grafite, exceto por um aumento nas distancias interplanares devido a grupos funcionais adicionais, tais como grupos hidroxilas, epoxis, carbonilas e carboxilas, os quais se encontram distribuıdos aleatoriamente nos esqueletos de carbono. Os experimentos foram realizados na regiao de estabilidade termodinamica do grafite e do diamante (2,5 e 7,7 GPa) usando camaras do tipo toroidal e temperaturas de 300, 600, 900, 1200 e 1500 ◦C por 15 minutos. Alem disso, amostras de GO foram submetidas a tratamento termico a 1500 ◦C por 15 minutos a pressao ambiente, em atmosfera nao oxidante. As amostras obtidas foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia Raman, de absorcao no infravermelho (FT-IR), de fotoeletrons excitados por raios X (XPS), difracao de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletronica de transmissao (MET). Os resultados obtidos mostram que a distancia interplanar d para as amostras processadas em 2,5 GPa sofre uma reducao partindo de 7,5 ˚A, valor registrado para a amostra virgem, para 3,425 ˚A apos a pirolise a 1500 ◦C, ainda superior ao do grafite tıpico (3,35 ˚A). Ja para a amostra processada a 7,7 GPa e 1500 ◦C, o valor de d atinge 3,351 ˚A, bem pr´oximo ao valor esperado para uma estrutura grafıtica bem organizada, indicando que uma pressao mais elevada tenderia a eliminar os defeitos estruturais de forma mais eficiente. Analises de microscopia eletronica de transmissao indicam que na amostra processada em 2,5 GPa e 1500 ◦C foi possıvel notar a coexistencia de dois padroes distintos. Alem da presenca de folhas, que agora representam o GO reduzido termicamente, ou seja, com parte dos grupos oxigenados eliminados de suas bordas e espacos intercamadas, e possıvel observar tambem a presenca de pequenos graos, possivelmente grafıticos. Ja a amostra processada em 7,7 GPa e 1500 ◦C apresentou uma grande concentracao de graos, consistente com a maior cristalinidade observada atraves da an´alise dos difratogramas de raios X. Alem disso, ao analisar a amostra tratada a 1500 ◦C a pressao ambiente e atmosfera nao oxidante, nao foi possıvel observar a presenca dos graos grafıticos, apenas de folhas de GO reduzido, o que seria um indicativo de que as altas pressoes favoreceriam a grafitizacao atraves do mecanismo de recristalizacao. / In this work, samples of graphite oxide (GO), synthesized by the modified Hummers method, were investigated with emphasis on the effect of high pressures applied both simultaneously to thermal treatments and applied at room temperature. GO structure is similar to that of the graphite precursor, except for an increase in interplanar spacings due to additional functional groups, such as hydroxyl groups, epoxides, carbonyls and carboxyl groups, which are randomly distributed in the carbon backbones. The experiments were carried out in the thermodynamic stability region of graphite and diamond (2.5 and 7.7 GPa) using toroidal chambers and temperatures of 300, 600, 900, 1200 and 1500 ◦C for 15 minutes. In addition, GO samples were heat-treated at 1500 ◦C for 15 minutes at ambient pressure in a non-oxidizing atmosphere. The samples obtained were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the value of interplanar spacing d for the samples processed in 2.5 GPa is reduced from 7.5 ˚A, value recorded for the pristine sample, to 3.425 ˚A after the pyrolysis at 1500 ◦C, still higher than the value registered for the typical graphite (3.35 ˚A). For the sample processed at 7.7 GPa and 1500 ◦C, the value of d reaches 3.351 ˚A, very close to the expected value for a well-organized graphite structure, indicating that a higher pressure would tend to eliminate structural defects more efficiently. Transmission electron microscopy analysis indicates that in the sample processed at 2.5 GPa and 1500 ◦C it was possible to note the coexistence of two distinct patterns. Besides the presence of sheets, which now represent the thermally reduced GO, this is, with part of the oxygenated groups eliminated of its edges and interlayer spaces, it is also possible to observe the presence of small grains, possibly of the graphitic type. Whereas the sample processed at 7.7 GPa and 1500 ◦C showed a high grain concentration, consistent with the higher crystallinity observed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Furthermore, on analyzing the heat-treated sample at 1500 ◦C at ambient pressure and non-oxidizing atmosphere, it was not possible to observe the presence of the graphitic grains, only of reduced GO sheets, which would be indicative of the high pressures would favor the graphitization through the recrystallization mechanism.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:IBICT/oai:www.lume.ufrgs.br:10183/184666 |
| Date | January 2018 |
| Creators | Silva, Andréia Fernandes da |
| Contributors | Balzaretti, Naira Maria |
| Source Sets | IBICT Brazilian ETDs |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion, info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, instname:Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, instacron:UFRGS |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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