Glycogen stored in liver and muscles are the main energy source during hatching of poultry. Turkey embryos are very sensitive to perturbations in energy metabolism because they have a wider hatching window than chicken embryos. Mortality of turkey embryos during late-term incubation is high relative to chickens, and many surviving hatchlings have compromised vitality. In ovo feeding (IOF) improves the energy status and gut development of perinatal poultry by supplementing the amnion with nutrients, which is then orally consumed by the embryo prior to hatch. A survey of amnion and embryonic development was done to determine the best time, maximum volume and solution characteristics for IOF. Several IOF formulations containing combinations of carbohydrates, proteins and enteric modulators were tested in turkey eggs, with emphasis on comparing hydrolyzed soy protein to egg white. IOF was found to improve energy status at hatch, but subsequent growth performance results were inconsistent. Therefore, further studies were designed to better understand late-term turkey embryo metabolism, using a customized focused oligonucleotide microarray. A gene expression survey using this array was performed on liver, pectoral muscle, hatching muscle, duodenum, and ileum of turkey embryos from 20 days of incubation until hatch. The embryos were found to switch from yolk fat to carbohydrate-based metabolism around 22 days of incubation, and potential substrates were identified to be tested in ovo. A nutritive solution containing metabolic co-factors was then formulated and tested in a subsequent IOF experiment. At hatch, poults treated with this latest IOF formulation exhibited better quality scores and more symmetric legs than controls. Gene expression patterns of liver, pectoral muscle, hatching muscle, duodenum and ileum confirmed IOF favored skeletal development of poults. This dissertation research clearly demonstrated that in ovo feeding technology can enhance energy status and advance the development of hatchlings, resulting in superior poult quality.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:NCSU/oai:NCSU:etd-08122007-183816 |
| Date | 31 August 2007 |
| Creators | de Oliveira, Jean Eduardo |
| Contributors | Peter R. Ferket, Zehava Uni, Michael J. Wineland, Christopher M. Ashwell |
| Publisher | NCSU |
| Source Sets | North Carolina State University |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08122007-183816/ |
| Rights | unrestricted, I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained and attached hereto a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dis sertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted is the same as that approved by my advisory committee. I hereby grant to NC State University or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified below, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report. |
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