Little is known about the factors driving the cycle of the climate-active gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) and of its precursor the metabolite dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in sea ice. To date, studies have focused on biotic factors, linking high DMSP concentrations to the high biomass of sympagic communities, and to physiological adaptations to the low temperatures and high salinities of the brine habitat. This thesis presents an approach integrating biotic and abiotic factors, investigating the influence of ice growth processes and brine dynamics on the DMS cycle. First, brine dynamics from growth to melt are explored based on ice temperature and salinity profiles measured in the Arctic. A strong but brief desalination phase is identified in spring. Using calculated proxies of permeability (brine volume fraction) and of the intensity of brine convection (Rayleigh number), this phase is shown to correspond to full-depth gravity drainage initiated by restored connectivity of brines on warming. Full-depth gravity drainage is crucial for the vertical transfer of DMS-compounds at the ice-ocean interface. This physical background is then used to investigate the spatio-temporal variability of DMS in Arctic sea ice during a year-round survey in Amundsen Gulf. The influence of processes such as scavenging and brine convection on the DMS cycle is shown, and the first combined measurement of DMS, DMSP, and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), a compound acting as source/sink for DMS through photo-chemical and bacterial processes, is presented. DMSO is shown to dominate the dimethylated sulfur pool in surface ice when the snow cover is low. Based on correlations with irradiance, it is suggested that this DMSO originates from photo-chemical oxidation of DMS trapped in impermeable ice. Finally, the spatio-temporal variability of DMS in Antarctic sea ice is investigated during another year-round survey in McMurdo Sound. Platelet crystals growth under the influence of ice-shelf waters are shown to favor the incorporation of strong DMSP producers, to increase the environmental stress on cells, and to favor the accumulation of DMS,P by reducing permeability. The increase of permeability on warming is shown to trigger strong release of DMS in the ocean and a vertical redistribution of DMSP in the ice cover.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:MANITOBA/oai:mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca:1993/23732 |
| Date | 01 May 2014 |
| Creators | Carnat, Gauthier |
| Contributors | Papakyriakou, Timothy (Environment and Geography), Feiyue, Wang (Environment and Geography)Tenuta, Mario (Soil Science)Ackley, Stephen (Geological Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio) |
| Publisher | International Glaciological Society, John Wiley & Sons |
| Source Sets | University of Manitoba Canada |
| Detected Language | English |
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