<p> Group I Paks are serine/threonine kinases that function as major effectors of the small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42. They regulate many cellular functions, including cell polarity, cytoskeletal dynamics, and transcription. Pak1 and Pak2 are redundantly essential for embryonic skeletal myoblast fusion in <i> Drosophila</i>, with Pak2 playing the more important role. Both are expressed in mammalian skeletal muscle, but little is known as to their function in myogenesis. We find that Pak1 and Pak2 are expressed in mammalian myoblasts and are activated specifically during differentiation. Individual genetic deletions of <i>Pak1</i> and <i>Pak2</i> in mice show no overt defects in muscle development or regeneration. However, young adult mice with muscle-specific deletion of <i>Pak1</i> and <i>Pak2 </i> together (dKO mice) present with reduced muscle mass and a higher proportion of myofibers with smaller cross-sectional area compared to controls. This phenotype is exacerbated after repair to acute injury. Primary myoblasts from dKO animals show delayed differentiation, with lower expression of myogenic markers and inefficient myotube formation. Additionally, with age, dKO mice develop a chronic myopathy. Histological analyses of resting muscle show the presence of central nuclei in the majority of fibers, as well as significant fibrosis, inflammation, necrosis, and hypertrophy with fiber splitting. Ultrastructural analysis revealed grossly elongated and branched intermyofibrillar mitochondria, known as megaconial mitochondria, along with occasional accumulation of subsarcolemmal mitochondria. Moreover, dKO mice show impaired mitochondrial function, with significantly reduced Complex I and II activity. These characteristics are absent in control animals. We conclude that the role of Pak1 and Pak2 in embryonic myoblast fusion, first identified in the fly, is not conserved in mammals. Rather, our data demonstrate that Pak1 and Pak2 function redundantly in regulating myoblast differentiation, thereby impacting overall postnatal muscle size. Furthermore, their major function appears to be in muscle homeostasis. Few protein kinases have been implicated in muscle disease. Group I Paks have wide roles in cell regulation, and the generation of dKO mice provides a genetic system to gain new mechanistic insights into muscle maintenance, as well as to discover the substrates of Paks that regulate this process.</p><p>
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:PROQUEST/oai:pqdtoai.proquest.com:10640750 |
| Date | 30 November 2017 |
| Creators | Joseph, Giselle A. |
| Publisher | Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai |
| Source Sets | ProQuest.com |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | thesis |
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