Environmental factors such as chemical contamination can have
immunomodulatory effects on the immune response of fish and may be contributing to
the decline in salmonid populations by augmenting disease susceptibility. Xenobiotics
can interfere with the immune system at several levels of complexity, and different
immune cells and processes have variable sensitivity to pollutants. For this reason, a
suite of tests is required to evaluate immunomodulatory mechanisms.
In this thesis, I formulated and calibrated an assay for the detection of humoral
immunity for chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawvtscha). Subsequently, I used this
technique in conjunction with other immune and endocrine assays to detect effects of
embryonic exposure to o,p'-DDE, a known environmental estrogen. The technique
combines exposure of whole animals or leukocyte cultures to immunomodulatory
agents/conditions with in vitro mitogenic activation of B-lymphocytes. The proportion
of leukocytes undergoing blastogenesis following in vitro stimulation with
lipopolysaccaride (LPS) was quantified by flow cytometric analysis of forward and
side scatter properties. In addition, I used a fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled anti-rainbow
trout surface immunoglobin monoclonal antibody (anti-RBT SIgM-FITC) to
determine the ability of the lymphoblasts to express surface immunoglobin (SIgM)
through flow cytometry.
I used the assay to evaluate the effects of short-term exposures to o,p'-DDE during
early life history stages on the long-term immune competence of fall chinook salmon.
Immersion of chinook salmon eggs in 10 ppm o,p'-DDE for 1 h at fertilization
followed by 2 h at hatch caused significant reductions in the ability of splenic
leukocytes to undergo blastogenesis and express SIgM upon in vitro stimulation with
LPS one year after treatment (ANOVA, P<0.05). The concentration of o,p'-DDE in
fry treated with 10 ppm o,p'-DDE was 0.92 ��g g����� lipid one month post first feeding.
The chemical persisted through development and, one year after exposure, levels in
juvenile muscle tissue were 0.94 ��g g����� lipid. Mortality rate, time to hatch, fish size,
sex ratios, gonadal development, plasma estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone
concentrations were not affected by treatment with o,p'-DDE. In addition, neither
plasma lysozyme concentration, nor mitogenic response of splenic leukocytes to
concanavallin A or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid were influenced by the treatment.
A short period of exposure to an estrogenic chemical during early periods of
development induced long term effects on humoral immune competence of chinook
salmon. I discuss the possibility that the xenobiotic is exerting its activity through
steroid-mediated pathways. / Graduation date: 2002
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:ORGSU/oai:ir.library.oregonstate.edu:1957/32442 |
| Date | 23 August 2001 |
| Creators | Milston, Ruth Helen |
| Contributors | Schreck, Carl B., Fitzpatrick, Martin S. |
| Source Sets | Oregon State University |
| Language | en_US |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis/Dissertation |
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