Thermo-acoustic instabilities in combustion chambers are generated by the interactions between a flame and the combustor acoustics, leading to a resonant coupling. These self-sustained oscillations may be observed in many practical systems such as domestic boilers, industrial furnaces, gas turbines or rocket engines. Although this phenomenon has already been the topic of many investigations, there is yet no generalized robust framework to predict the onset of these self-sustained oscillations and to determine the evolution of the flow variables within the combustor during unstable operation. This work builds on previous models and experiments to improve the description of the response of laminar conical flames to flow perturbations and the prediction of thermoacoustic instability in burners operating with conical flames. In the first part of the manuscript, an extensive review of conical flame dynamics modeling is undertaken and a general framework for the modeling of their Flame Transfer Function (FTF) is presented. The experimental setup and the diagnostics used to characterize their response to flow disturbances are then described. They are used to measure the FTF when the flames are submitted to harmonic flow perturbations. A novel experimental technique is also proposed to control the flow perturbation level at the burner outlet. It enables to modulate the flow with random white noise perturbations and to measure the FTF with a better frequency resolution. Results with this alternative technique compare well with results from the classical method using harmonic signals for small disturbances. Limits of this technique are also highlighted when the perturbation level increases. Different analytical expressions for the FTF of conical flames are derived in the second part of the thesis by progressively introducing more physics into the models. Models based on convected flow disturbances are extended by taking into account the incompressible nature of the perturbed velocity field. It is shown that the prediction of the FTF phase lag of a conical flame is greatly improved and collapses well with measurements. Then, a thorough investigation of the flame base dynamics interacting with the anchoring device is conducted by considering unsteady heat loss from the flame to the burner. This mechanism is shown to drive the motion of the flame base and the flame dynamics at high frequencies. It is also shown that this contribution to the FTF rules the high frequency behavior of the FTF as well as the nonlinear evolution of the FTF when the perturbation level increases. Finally, an analysis is conducted on the dynamics of a single conical flame placed into cylindrical flame tubes featuring different diameters. It is shown that confinement effects need to be taken into account when the burnt gases cannot fully expand. Large differences are observed between FTF measured for different confinement tube diameters. A new dimensionless number is derived to take these effects into account and make all the FTF collapse on a single curve. These different models are then used to model the response of a collection of small conical flames stabilized on a perforated plate. It is shown that by sorting out the different contributing mechanisms to the FTF, the expressions proposed in this work may be combined to capture the main behavior and correct phase lag evolution of these flames in the frequency range of interest for thermo-acoustic instability prediction.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:CCSD/oai:tel.archives-ouvertes.fr:tel-01000271 |
| Date | 11 June 2013 |
| Creators | Cuquel, Alexis |
| Publisher | Ecole Centrale Paris |
| Source Sets | CCSD theses-EN-ligne, France |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | PhD thesis |
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