La fraude est aujourd’hui décrite comme étant le crime moderne par excellence. La médiatisation et la popularisation du phénomène ont entraîné le déferlement de plusieurs vagues d’études significatives portant sur le sujet. Or, bien que ces études aient permis de mettre en exergue certains résultats qui sont aujourd’hui à l’origine de théories parfois très popularisées telles que le triangle de la fraude, il en demeure néanmoins que celles-ci ont souvent abordé la question de la fraude en se limitant généralement à un seul angle d’analyse — que ce soit le fraudeur, le contexte organisationnel ou encore les méthodes d’intervention préconisées. En outre, peu d’études ont tenté d’analyser des constructions sociales sousjacentes à la fraude en mettant en relief simultanément divers angles d’analyse (individu/contexte par exemple), alors que le recours à un tel « bricolage analytique » aurait pu permettre la mise en évidence d’un portrait, non seulement plus complet du phénomène à l’étude, mais aussi souvent fort différent de ce qui était initialement attendu. Tentant de pallier cette faiblesse, dans chacun des articles de cette thèse, certains éléments associés à la fraude seront étudiés selon divers angles d’analyse qui seront ensuite opposés suivant ainsi une approche par analyse des dichotomies. Le recours à cette méthode d’analyse conduit parfois à des résultats forts différents de ce qui a été écrit préalablement dans la littérature. Le premier article de cette thèse tente de mieux comprendre le processus qui conduit un individu à adhérer à une culture déviante. Par une analyse du témoignage de deux acteurs impliqués dans un immense scandale de collusion mis au jour par la Commission d’enquête publique Charbonneau, cet article, qui propose une analyse simultanée de l’individu et du contexte, souhaite mettre en évidence l’idée que les mécanismes qui sont actuellement déployés par l’État pour contrer la fraude furtive sont limités parce qu’ils ne tiennent pas compte du caractère sociétal et culturel de la fraude. Le second article de cette thèse tente de mettre en perspective la quête de légitimation d’une association professionnelle antifraude. Par une étude concomitante de la représentation fournie par les dirigeants de cette association à l’avant-scène pour promouvoir leur légitimité et de la réception de cette représentation par les membres de cette organisation qui assistent au spectacle, cet article souhaite mettre en exergue l’idée que la légitimation des expertises professionnelles repose parfois sur le maintien du secret par les membres de l’audience qui, malgré un désenchantement évident face au processus de professionnalisation, tendent à taire les écarts ressentis afin de préserver la valeur allouée à leur titre professionnel sur le marché de l’emploi. Enfin, le dernier article de cette thèse tente de mieux comprendre comment sont socialisés les experts antifraude par une analyse simultanée du discours qui leur est livré dans le cadre de leur formation, mais aussi de la représentation cognitive qu’ils se font dudit discours qui doit nécessairement s’adapter à la « réalité » organisationnelle de ces experts. En outre, si le risque réputationnel est un enjeu majeur auquel les experts antifraude semblent être confrontés, leur réponse professionnelle face à cette problématique suscite, quant à elle, une réflexion significative relativement à leur éthique professionnelle. / Fraud is often perceived as the “modern crime par excellence”. Media coverage and growing interest in the public sphere regarding the phenomenon have generated a plethora of studies on the matter. Although these studies helped to produce general theories such as the fraud triangle theory, these studies nonetheless tend to view the question of fraud through a single angle of analysis – focusing either on the fraudster, the organizational context, or the advocated method of intervention. In addition, few studies have sought to analyze the social constructions underlying fraud by relying simultaneously on concepts excerpted from different analytical angles (e.g., individual / context) – whereas the use of such “analytical bricolage” could have produced a more complete picture of the phenomenon under study (and often a very different one from what was initially expected). Seeking to address this weakness, each article of this thesis relies on concepts associated with distinct analytical angles – which will be juxtaposed along a dichotomy analysis approach. The use of this method of analysis sometimes leads to results quite different from those already documented in the literature. The first article of this thesis aims to better understand the process leading to the adoption of deviant behavior. Through an analysis of the testimony of two key actors involved in an immense collusion scandal brought to light by the Charbonneau Commission, this article, which proposes a simultaneous analysis of the individual and the context, wishes to highlight the idea that the mechanisms currently deployed by the state to counter fraud are limited because they do not take into account the societal and cultural nature of the fraud. The aim of the second article of this thesis is to study how the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) sought to gain legitimacy as a group holding professional expertise in prevention and detection of economic fraud. Through a concomitant study of the frontstage representations provided by the leaders of this association to promote its legitimacy, and the reception of these representations by ACFE members who attend the “show”, this article wishes to argue that legitimization partly depends on the audience remaining silent about the discrepancies between the show put on by the Association and the audience’s perceptions of fraud-fighting’s backstage realities. This appears to be particularly true when the spectators enjoy recognition and other benefits as a result of their own involvement. Finally, the last article of this thesis examines how antifraud experts are socialized through discourse conveyed to them as part of their training, and through the cognitive representation they develop of the discourse, relying on their sense of organizational “reality”. Ultimately, my analysis indicates that while reputational risk is a major issue in the eyes of anti-fraud experts, their professional response in addressing this risk is questionable in light of professional ethics. / Résumé en anglais. Fraud is often perceived as the “modern crime par excellence”. Media coverage and growing interest in the public sphere regarding the phenomenon have generated a plethora of studies on the matter. Although these studies helped to produce general theories such as the fraud triangle theory, these studies nonetheless tend to view the question of fraud through a single angle of analysis – focusing either on the fraudster, the organizational context, or the advocated method of intervention. In addition, few studies have sought to analyze the social constructions underlying fraud by relying simultaneously on concepts excerpted from different analytical angles (e.g., individual / context) – whereas the use of such “analytical bricolage” could have produced a more complete picture of the phenomenon under study (and often a very different one from what was initially expected). Seeking to address this weakness, each article of this thesis relies on concepts associated with distinct analytical angles – which will be juxtaposed along a dichotomy analysis approach. The use of this method of analysis sometimes leads to results quite different from those already documented in the literature. The first article of this thesis aims to better understand the process leading to the adoption of deviant behavior. Through an analysis of the testimony of two key actors involved in an immense collusion scandal brought to light by the Charbonneau Commission, this article, which proposes a simultaneous analysis of the individual and the context, wishes to highlight the idea that the mechanisms currently deployed by the state to counter fraud are limited because they do not take into account the societal and cultural nature of the fraud. The aim of the second article of this thesis is to study how the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) sought to gain legitimacy as a group holding professional expertise in prevention and detection of economic fraud. Through a concomitant study of the frontstage representations provided by the leaders of this association to promote its legitimacy, and the reception of these representations by ACFE members who attend the “show”, this article wishes to argue that legitimization partly depends on the audience remaining silent about the discrepancies between the show put on by the Association and the audience’s perceptions of fraud-fighting’s backstage realities. This appears to be particularly true when the spectators enjoy recognition and other benefits as a result of their own involvement. Finally, the last article of this thesis examines how antifraud experts are socialized through discourse conveyed to them as part of their training, and through the cognitive representation they develop of the discourse, relying on their sense of organizational “reality”. Ultimately, my analysis indicates that while reputational risk is a major issue in the eyes of anti-fraud experts, their professional response in addressing this risk is questionable in light of professional ethics.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:LAVAL/oai:corpus.ulaval.ca:20.500.11794/28362 |
| Date | 24 April 2018 |
| Creators | Courtois, Cynthia |
| Contributors | Gendron, Yves |
| Source Sets | Université Laval |
| Language | French |
| Detected Language | French |
| Type | thèse de doctorat, COAR1_1::Texte::Thèse::Thèse de doctorat |
| Format | 1 ressource en ligne (xxiv, 228 pages), application/pdf |
| Coverage | Québec (Province) |
| Rights | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
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