<p> In this dissertation, the nature of magnetism in transition-metal-doped phthalocyanines (TMPc, TM = Co, Ni, Cu, V, and Mn, chemical formula: C<sub> 32</sub>H<sub>16</sub>N<sub>8</sub>TM) is investigated by measuring their magnetization (M) and ac susceptibilities in magnetic fields up to 90 kOe and covering the wide temperature range of 0.5 K to 300 K. These low temperatures and high magnetic field measurements combined with detailed analysis of the data have provided new information about the nature of magnetism of TMPc. The powder samples used here were structurally characterized using x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.</p><p> TMPc are a class of organic semiconductors with potential applications in spintronics and they are planar molecules with the TM atom at the center bound to four N atoms and forming a linear chain along the monoclinic b-axis. Because of this symmetry, the ground states of TMPc often violate the Hunds’ rules; e.g. the S = 3/2 state for d<sup>5</sup> Mn(II) in β-MnPc, S = 1/2 state for the d<sup>7</sup> Co(II) in β-CoPc, and S = 0 state for the d<sup>8</sup> Ni(II) in NiPc. The magnetic properties of TMPc are also affected by the stack angle δ between the orientation of the molecular plane and the b-axis, δ being 65° (45°) for α (β) phase. </p><p> For both α-CuPc and β-CuPc, M vs. T data fit well with the Bonner-Fisher model for S = 1/2 antiferromagnetic (AFM) Heisenberg linear chain yielding the Cu<sup>2+</sup>-Cu<sup>2+</sup> exchange constant J<sub>ex</sub>/k<sub>B</sub> = - 1.7 K (- 0.2 K) for α-CuPc(β-CuPc). This order of magnitude difference in J<sub>ex</sub>/k<sub>B</sub> is likely due to the smaller Cu<sup>2+</sup>-Cu<sup>2+</sup> distance in α-phase than in β-phase. The M vs. H at 2 K and 5 K data are interpreted including the effect of the exchange coupling. </p><p> For β-CoPc, the predicted peak in χ vs. T data by Bonner-Fisher model was observed at T<sub>max</sub> = 1.9 K for the first time yielding the Heisenberg exchange constant J<sub>ex</sub>/k<sub>B</sub> = - 1.5 K between the Co<sup>2+</sup>-Co<sup>2+</sup> ions. The isothermal data of M vs. H at 1 K shows good agreement with the Bonner-Fisher model; M vs. H at 5 K data is interpreted by including the effect of the exchange interaction. </p><p> For VOPc (phase II), the analysis of the M vs. T data shows VO<sup> 2+</sup> electronic state with spin S = 1/2 and &thetas; = - 0.1 indicates a very weak AFM exchange coupling between neighboring VO<sup>2+</sup> ions which implies the near-perfect paramagnetism of VOPc. This conclusion is also supported by the analysis of the M vs. H data at several temperatures. The diamagnetic nature of β-NiPc corresponding to the S = 0 state for the 3d<sup>8</sup> Ni(II) is confirmed by measurements and analysis of the magnetization with temperature-independent susceptibility χ<sub>D </sub> = - 3.38 × 10<sup>-7</sup> emu/gOe. The observed ferromagnetic component in the β-NiPc powder sample is identified with Fe impurity. </p><p> For β-MnPc with S = 3/2, detailed analysis of the dc and ac susceptibilities leads to the conclusion of the absence of 3-dimensional long range magnetic ordering in this system contrary to previous reports. This conclusion is supported by the Arrott plots and lack of a peak in the ac susceptibilities and specific heat near the quoted T<sub>C</sub> ≈ 8.6 K. Instead, β-MnPc is best described as an Ising-like chain magnet with Arrhenius relaxation of the magnetization governed by an intra-layer ferromagnetic exchange constant J<sub>ex</sub>/k<sub>B</sub> = 2.6 K and the single ion anisotropy energy constant |D|/kB = 8.3 K. The absence of 3D long-range ordering is consistent with the measured |D| being >J<sub>ex</sub>.</p>
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:PROQUEST/oai:pqdtoai.proquest.com:10146559 |
| Date | 18 October 2016 |
| Creators | Wang, Zhengjun |
| Publisher | West Virginia University |
| Source Sets | ProQuest.com |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | thesis |
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