Three-dimensional (3D) turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) play a crucial role in determining the aerodynamic properties of most aero-mechanical devices. However, accurately predicting these flows remains a challenge due to the complex nonlinear and nonlocal physics involved, which makes it difficult to develop universally applicable models. This limitation is particularly significant as the industry increasingly relies on simulations to make decisions in high-consequence environments, such as the certification or aircraft, and high-fidelity simulation methods that don't rely on modeling are prohibitively expensive. To address this challenge, it is essential to gain a better understanding of the physics underlying 3D TBLs. This research aims to improve the predictive accuracy of turbulence models in 3D TBLs by examining the impact of model assumptions underpinning turbulent constitutive relations, which are fundamental building blocks of every turbulence model. Specifically, the study focuses on the relevance and necessity of nonlinear and nonlocal model assumptions for accurately predicting 3D TBLs. The study considers the attached 3D boundary layer flow over the textbf{Be}nchmark textbf{V}alidation textbf{E}xperiment for textbf{R}ANS/textbf{L}ES textbf{I}nvestiagtions (BeVERLI) Hill as a test case and corresponding particle image velocimetry data for the investigation. In a first step, the BeVERLI Hill experiment is comprehensively described, and the important characteristics of the flow over the BeVERLI Hill are elucidated, including complex symmetry breaking characteristics of this flow. Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulations of the case using standard eddy viscosity models are then presented to establish the baseline behavior of local and linear constitutive relations, i.e., the standard Boussinesq approximation. The tested eddy viscosity models fail in the highly accelerated hill top region of the BeVERLI hill and near separation. In a further step, several nonlinear and nonlocal turbulent constitutive relations, including the QCR model, the model by Gatski and Speziale, and the difference-quotient model by Egolf are used as metrics to gauge the impact of nonlinearities and nonlocalities for the modeling of 3D TBLs. It is shown that nonlinear and nonlocal approaches are essential for effective 3D TBL modeling. However, simplified reduced-order models could accurately predict 3D TBLs without high computational costs. A constitutive relation with local second-order nonlinear mean strain relations and simplified nonlocal terms may provide such a minimal model. In a final step, the structure and response of non-equilibrium turbulence to continuous straining are studied to reveal new scaling laws and structural models. / Doctor of Philosophy / Airplanes and other flying objects rely on the way air flows around them to generate lift and stay in the sky. This airflow can be very complex, especially close to the surface of the object, where it is affected by friction with the object. This friction generates a layer of air called a boundary layer, which can become turbulent and lead to complex patterns of airflow. The boundary layer is generated by the friction between the air and the surface of the object, which causes the air molecules to "stick" to the surface. This sticking creates a layer of slow-moving air that slows down the flow of air around the object. This loss of momentum creates drag, which is one of the main factors that resist the motion of objects in the air. The slowing of the air flow in the boundary layer is due to the viscosity of the air, which is a measure of how resistant the air is to deformation. The molecules in the air have a tendency to stick together, making it difficult for them to move past each other. This resistance causes the momentum of the air to be lost as it flows over the surface of the object because air molecules close to the surface "pull" on the ones farther away. Understanding how turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) work is essential to accurately predict the airflow around these objects using computer simulations. However, it's challenging because TBLs involve complex physics that are difficult to model accurately. This research focuses on a specific type of TBL called a three-dimensional (3D) TBL. This study looks at how different assumptions affect the accuracy of computer simulations that predict this type of airflow. It is found that using more complex models that take into account nonlinear and nonlocal physics can help predict 3D TBLs more accurately. However, these models are computationally expensive, and it is also found that simpler models can work well enough and are cheaper. This research further establishes important physical relations of the mechanisms pertaining 3D TBLs that could support the advancement of current models.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:VTETD/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/115757 |
| Date | 12 July 2023 |
| Creators | Gargiulo, Aldo |
| Contributors | Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Lowe, Kevin T., Roy, Christopher John, Devenport, William J., Alexander, William Nathan, Borgoltz, Aurelien |
| Publisher | Virginia Tech |
| Source Sets | Virginia Tech Theses and Dissertation |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Dissertation |
| Format | ETD, application/pdf, application/pdf |
| Rights | In Copyright, http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ |
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