The COmpton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI) is a space telescope that aims to study the soft gamma regime (0.2-5 MeV), capable of performing spectroscopy, imaging and polarimetry of cosmic gamma sources. COSI will use an active shield made of Bismuth Germanium Oxide (BGO), a known scintillator material, in order to reduce the instrumental background produced by primary and secondary particles. When a cosmic ray particle or gamma interacts with the active shield, they will produce scintillation photons. Thanks to the optical coupling of photomultipliers tubes (PMT) to the BGO walls, it is possible to detect these scintillation photons and remove the background events from the analysis with the Compton telescope. IRAP (Research Institute in Astrophysics and Planetology) is the organization responsible of providing the photodetector (PMT with its electronics and mechanics) design to the COSI mission. The main objective of my internship is to study the performance of the photodetector of the active shield, focusing on the development of simulations with Geant4. The first study investigates the propagation of optical photons inside a PMT, comparing an analytical method versus a Geant4 simulation. Geant4 perfectly simulates the transmission and reflection of photons. However, if some of the photons are absorbed by the materials, Geant4 starts to slightly differ. This happens because the absorption is computed with different physic processes in both models. The second study is focused on obtaining measurements from the PMTs at the laboratory. The pulse amplitude at the preamplifier level is analysed, as well as the transmission of the Si pad. The third and fourth studies are focused on the simulation, with Geant4, of the performance of a PMT optically coupled to two different scintillator materials, CsI(Tl) and BGO, respectively. The correct set-up of a simulation is always critical, especially for a space mission like COSI. Both studies aim to find the correct set-up in order to get the most precise simulation. The results are great, showing a really good correlation between the simulation and the real data. During the fifth study, I updated the photodetector engineering model, called DACS (Detector for the AntiCoincidence System), taking into consideration the new electronic board designs and the previous engineering models. The results obtained in this thesis help to understand the performance of the photodetectors that will be used on the COSI telescope, as well as to show the benefits of using a toolkit like Geant4 in projects with propagation of scintillation photons.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:UPSALLA1/oai:DiVA.org:ltu-93289 |
| Date | January 2022 |
| Creators | Álvarez Franco, Daniel |
| Publisher | Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för system- och rymdteknik |
| Source Sets | DiVA Archive at Upsalla University |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Student thesis, info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis, text |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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