by Yung-Ho Chow. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-173). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.iii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.iv / ABBREVIATION --- p.vi / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Azo dyes --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Chemistry of azo dyes --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Synthesis of azo dyes --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Oxidation and reduction --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Dyeing --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Staining to biological materials --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Toxicity of azo dyes --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Toxicity to mammals --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Toxicity to microorganisms --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Degradation of azo dyes --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Degradation of azo dyes by mammalian system --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Degradation of azo dyes by fungi system --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Degradation of azo dyes by bacteria --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.3.1 --- Requirement of cofactors --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.3.2 --- Effect of oxygen --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.3.3 --- Effect of cell permeability --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.3.4 --- Redox potential and rate of dye degradation --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.3.5 --- Rate of dye degradation --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Azo-reductase --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.4.1 --- Microsomal azo-reductase --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.4.2 --- Bacterial azo-reductase --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5 --- Immobilization of microorganisms --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Gel matrix for entrapment --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Effect of gel entrapment to microbial cells --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5.2.1 --- Reduced diffusion of substrates in gel --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5.2.2 --- Effects in growth patterns --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5.2.3 --- Protection of entrapped microbial cells --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5.2.4 --- Increase metabolic activities --- p.26 / Chapter 1.5.2.5 --- Reduction of water activity --- p.27 / Chapter 1.5.2.6 --- Prolongation of products formation --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6 --- Application of immobilized microorganisms in bio-remediation of azo dyes --- p.28 / Chapter 1.7 --- Purpose of study --- p.28 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Chemicals --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Bacteria --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Instruments --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Media --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.4.1 --- Luria Broth medium --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.4.2 --- Minimal medium --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Culture of Pseudomonas sp. ADD16-2 --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Purification and characterization of azo-reductase --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Preparation of crude extract --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Purification of azo-reductase --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.2.2a --- Preparation of SDS-polyacrylamide gel --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.2.2b --- Sample preparation and application --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.2.2c --- Electrophoresis condition --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.2.2d --- Staining of gel by Commasie blue --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Measurement of azo-reductase activity --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Determination of effect of pH to azo- reductase activity --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Measurement of azo dye decolourization rate by whole cells of Pseudomonas sp. ADD16-2 --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Preparation of cells --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Measurement of azo dye decolourization rate --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Measurement of azo dye decolourization rate by crude extract of Pseudomonas sp. ADD16-2 --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Determination of dye degradation products by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Measurement of redox potential of azo dyes --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Determination of the effect of cell permeation agents on dye degradation --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Determination of cell permeability --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- To study the effect of the presence of dye degradation products or added aromatic amines to dye degradation --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.9.1 --- Whole cell reactions --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.9.2 --- Crude extract or purified azo-reductase reaction --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- Immobilization of cells by different matrix --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.10.1 --- Preparation of cells for immobilization --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.10.2 --- Immobilization by calcium alginate --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.10.3 --- Immobilization by K-carrageenan --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.10.4 --- Immobilization by polyacrylamide gel --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.10.5 --- Immobilization by agarose gel --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.10.6 --- Measurement of viability of immobilized cells --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.10.7 --- Measurement of azo dye degradation rate in immobilized cell system --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.10.8 --- Measurement of intracellular K in calcium alginate immobilized cells --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.10.9 --- Long term batch culture of immobilized cells --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- Determination of toxicities of azo dyes and aromatic amines --- p.54 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- RESULTS --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1 --- Purification of azo-reductase 、 --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2 --- Properties of azo-reductase --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3 --- Degradation of azo dyes --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Degradation profiles --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Products of dye degradation --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Effect of cell permeability on dye degradation rate --- p.94 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Induction of dye degradation rate by prior dye degradation exercise or by direct addition of aromatic amines --- p.97 / Chapter 3.4 --- Effect of immobilization --- p.114 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Effect of different immobilization matrix --- p.114 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Toxicities of different azo dyes and aromatic amines to free and immobilized cells --- p.124 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Effect of azo dyes and aromatic amines at high concentrations on free and on immobilized cells --- p.124 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- DISCUSSION --- p.145 / Chapter 4.1 --- Degradation of azo dyes by Pseudomonas sp. ADD16-2 --- p.146 / Chapter 4.2 --- Permeability of azo dyes in Pseudomonas sp. ADD 16-2 --- p.150 / Chapter 4.3 --- Induction of dye degradation rate --- p.155 / Chapter 4.4 --- Effect of immobilization --- p.159 / CONCLUSION --- p.161 / REFERENCE --- p.162 / APPENDIX --- p.174 / appendix 1 Structures of azo dyes that have similar structures to Orange G --- p.175 / appendix 2 Absorption profiles of azo dye degradation products taken at different time intervals --- p.178 / appendix 3 Effect of pre-incubation time to dye degradation rate of Orange I by Pseudomonas sp. ADD16-2 --- p.183 / appendix 4 Effect of calcium ions (0-0.2 M) to (A) dye degradation and (B) viability of cells --- p.185 / appendix 5 Effect of ATP on induction effect of Orange I on whole cells of Pseudomonas sp. ADD16-2 --- p.187 / appendix 6 Summary of azo dyes that were degraded by Pseudomonas putida AD1 cells --- p.189
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:cuhk.edu.hk/oai:cuhk-dr:cuhk_321903 |
| Date | January 1997 |
| Contributors | Chow, Yung-Ho., Chinese University of Hong Kong Graduate School. Division of Biochemistry. |
| Source Sets | The Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Text, bibliography |
| Format | print, vi, (i.e. 11) 190 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. |
| Rights | Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) |
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