[pt] Existem milhares de técnicas e metodologias construtivas sustentáveis, e para o tratamento e reaproveitamento do resíduo da construção civil nos centros urbanos. Esse trabalho procura ordenar, de forma sintetizada, esses procedimentos para redução da geração e reaproveitamento do resíduo da construção civil no Rio de Janeiro, apresentando sugestões para as fases de idealização, projeto e
execução do empreendimento e uma logística reversa para a reinserção do resíduo à cadeia produtiva. A pesquisa sugere no capitulo dois a utilização da ferramenta de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) na fase de idealização dos empreendimentos para uma visão ampla do impacto ambiental durante a execução da obra e na utilização do empreendimento até o descarte final, mostrando que a manutenção na fase de utilização representa mais de oitenta por cento do custo de toda a sua vida útil. O capitulo três apresenta uma analise do resíduo, sua composição, as classificações de acordo com o CONAMA e NBR 10.004, e seu
potencial de impacto nas regiões urbanas, as principais fontes geradoras, um resumo das principais leis e resoluções brasileiras que regulamenta a sua gestão. Trás ainda uma comparação entre tipos de desconstruções com apresentação de um exemplo de uma demolição certificada no centro do Rio de Janeiro. O capitulo quatro apresenta um panorama geral da gestão dos resíduos da construção civil nas grandes cidades, evidenciando no Rio de Janeiro a existência de dois tipos distintos de geradores de resíduos na construção civil, o gerador das obras com canteiros instalados, licenciados, que segue as normas e exigências técnicas para seletividade do resíduo e os geradores das pequenas obras e reformas, responsável pela contribuição acima de 50 porcento do total de resíduo gerado e pela quase totalidade
da poluição. O capitulo cinco trabalha sobre a formula: (Sustentabilidade = Projetos eficientes + Reaproveitamento dos detritos). Projetos eficientes, obras com baixa geração de resíduos e erradicação dos desperdícios é o caminho para a sustentabilidade no setor. Apresenta métodos construtivos para esse objetivo e sustenta que a segregação do resíduo na fonte é pré condição para um processo
eficiente de reciclagem. Apresenta o Social como o principal legado da logística para reciclagem dos resíduos nas grandes cidades nos países em desenvolvimento. O capitulo seis propõe um caminho para a logística de reciclagem do resíduo da construção civil no Rio de Janeiro, transformando o processo linear em um processo circular para a indústria da construção civil. O fim do despejo de resíduo da construção civil in natura é uma meta a ser continuamente perseguida por toda a sociedade no compromisso com as gerações futuras. Esse trabalha apresenta sugestões para esse fim. / [en] The historical importance of the construction industry in the constant improvement of society s quality of life is undeniable. A major source of employment, it accounts for twenty percent of all U.S. economic activity, and in Brazil, in 2008, it represented 8.9 percent of the GDP; in 2000 it consumed 210 million tons of natural aggregates. These figures express the sector s strategic need justifying investments in research for its sustainability, which is currently less than 1 percent from the U.S. government and 6 percent in Europe. There are thousands of sustainable building techniques and methodologies, as well as those for the treatment and reuse of construction waste in urban centers. This article aims to organize, in a summarized way, these procedures to reduce generation and treat construction waste in Rio de Janeiro, making suggestions for sustainable processes in the idealization, design and implementation phases of a new
development and the reverse logistics for treating waste and reintegrating it into the production chain. In chapter two the study suggests the use of the Life Cycle Assessment (ACV) tool during new developments idealization phases for a broad overview of the environmental impact of their execution, during the use of the developments until their final disposal. Research shows that maintenance costs in a development s utilization phase represent more than eighty percent of its entire life span. The ACV study qualifies knowledge of sizing, materials specifications and construction techniques, as well as routines for use of developments. It adjusts its viability guiding developments toward sustainable principles, for example, low
power consumption settings, minimizing the use of natural resources, parameters for diversity of materials being used, the impact of the use of assembly and/or mounting adhesives that hinder selective disassembly for reuse, and the importance of planning deconstruction ahead of time in order to reuse materials;
these factors are crucial in the quest for sustainability in the sector. Chapter three brings an analysis of this waste, its impact potential in urban areas, major generating sources, and a summary of the main Brazilian laws and resolutions regulating its management. By listing the main sources generating waste and scrap
in construction, attention is drawn to the selective deconstructions of yesteryear that reused materials. Made viable by the construction techniques used at that time in these buildings that allowed the selective removal of material. Also in chapter three, an example of a current certified demolition in downtown Rio de Janeiro is presented. Finally, it shows the general composition of waste and its classifications according to CONAMA (the National Environment Council) and NBR (Brazilian Technical Standards Association) 10,004. Chapter four provides an overview of construction waste management in large cities, in Rio de Janeiro it
is evident that two distinct types of waste generators exist in constructions: the first is the generator in construction works with installed and licensed construction sites, which follow the standards and technical requirements for waste selection from generation to transportation under joint liability during the whole process until the final destination, in accordance with CONAMA s resolutions; these generators are monitored throughout the process. Yet the second, the generator in small construction works and renovation without installed construction sites, they do not comply with waste management standards and requirements, they use the same bucket to carry all classes of mixed waste, with no responsibility for the
segregation and final disposal. Most often these wastes are dumped in illegal transshipment areas, mostly in protected areas. This widespread practice under the pretext of lack of segregation space in the civil work is endorsed by the lack of an urban policy to empower and require waste segregation at source and its
reprocessing. The segment of small generators is responsible for contributing over 50 percent of waste generated in the city, and for almost all of the total pollution generated by construction waste, due to their crude mixtures that cannot be recycled and untreated transshipments into nature. Thus this study focuses on studying a suggestion for waste segregation logistics and recycling for this second group of generators. Chapter five dissects the formula: (Sustainability = Effective projects + Waste reutilization). Efficient projects, civil works with low waste generation and waste elimination is the way toward sustainability in the sector. In some regions of Brazil, the loss reaches 33 percent as opposed to the world average of
10 percent. Several factors rooted in the country s culture of raw material abundance are mentioned. There is still a lack of sustainable efficiency concern in national projects, of doing more using fewer natural resources, using construction methods to lower the impact on the use and disposal of materials in the process.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:puc-rio.br/oai:MAXWELL.puc-rio.br:56108 |
| Date | 23 November 2021 |
| Creators | JOEL VIEIRA BAPTISTA JUNIOR |
| Contributors | CELSO ROMANEL |
| Publisher | MAXWELL |
| Source Sets | PUC Rio |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | TEXTO |
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