Supereruptions are rare but giant and violent volcanic eruptions that have the potential to wreak havoc on life and infrastructure. Two key questions surrounding supereruptions are investigated in this work:
(1) What are the timescales over which giant magma bodies accumulate and erupt? Three-dimensional x-ray tomography of quartz-hosted melt inclusions and cathodoluminescence imaging of compositional zoning in quartz crystals are used to assess timescales from melt inclusion faceting and diffusion chronometry, respectively. Results from three eruptions (240 ka Ohakuri-Mamaku, 26.5 ka Oruanui Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand; 760 ka Bishop Tuff California, USA) suggest that large to giant systems accumulate over extremely short timescales (10<sup>1</sup>-10<sup>3</sup> a) and that quartz growth rates are ~10<sup>-12</sup>-10<sup>-12.5</sup> m/s.
(2) What is the geometry of supereruptive systems in the Earths crust? Phase-equilibria and amphibole geobarometry are used to investigate the residence depth of the Peach Spring (southwest USA) magma body. Results indicate that this magma body resided at a pressure of ~200-250 MPa. The analysis also shows that rhyolite-MELTS phase-equilibria geobarometry is an excellent method for obtaining pressure information and weeding out altered glass analyses.
Finally, these questions and methods are linked together in an effort to assess the longevity and geometry of a single supereruptive system the Oruanui, the most recent supereruption in Earths history. Melt inclusion faceting indicates this crystal-poor high-silica rhyolite magma was short lived in the crust (10<sup>1</sup>-10<sup>2</sup> a). Such short timescales are notably different from those derived from some other methods and likely reflect the unstable condition of crystal-poor, buoyant magma parcels residing in the shallow crust, rather than the development of the broad magmatic system and pre-accumulation priming of the crust. Phase-equilibria geobarometry suggests that the typical model of a single magma body is not appropriate to describe the Oruanui magmatic system. Instead, results suggest the Oruanui was comprised of multiple magma batches that resided at different depths in the crust but were erupted contemporaneously. This result fits well with an increasingly common model for supereruptive systems in which several vertically and/or laterally juxtaposed magma bodies are erupted simultaneously.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:VANDERBILT/oai:VANDERBILTETD:etd-06132014-094318 |
| Date | 23 June 2014 |
| Creators | Pamukcu, Ayla Susan |
| Contributors | Dr. George M. Hornberger, Dr. James H. Clarke, Dr. Calvin F. Miller, Dr. Guilherme A. R. Gualda, Dr. Mark Ghiorso |
| Publisher | VANDERBILT |
| Source Sets | Vanderbilt University Theses |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | http://etd.library.vanderbilt.edu/available/etd-06132014-094318/ |
| Rights | restricted, I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained and attached hereto a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted is the same as that approved by my advisory committee. I hereby grant to Vanderbilt University or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified below, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report. |
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