Vid förändringar i klimat och förändrade vattenmönster kan föroreningar i markenhärledda från tidigare aktiviteter i samband med begravningar innebära ökade riskerför förorening av grundvatten i anslutning till gravplatser. Sjukdomsspridandepatogener uppkommer bara från kistbegravningar så den ökande trend avkremeringar som går att se i Sverige minskar dessa risker. Fler utförda kremeringaroch att askan koncentreras på begränsade ytor kan däremot innebära att markensbindande kapacitet av föroreningar överstigs och leder till att föroreningarna spridstill grundvattnet. Detta är något som måste utredas grundligare samt riskbedömas.För vätskor som används vid balsamering av avlidna är riskerna inte tillräckligtklarlagda hur de kan påverka den som utför balsameringsprocessen samt hur de kanpåverka miljön runt en gravplats, och då endast regionala föreskrifter bestämmervalet av balsameringsvätskor gör detta att flera olika nedbrytningsrester avbalsameringsvätskor kan finnas spridda över olika gravplatser. För att minska riskenmed att regnvatten kan föra med sig föroreningar och patogener från gravplatser tillnärliggande vattenkällor uppmuntras plantering av träd och gränsväxter som kanhjälpa till att hålla kvar vattenflödena inom gravplatsen. Studien har undersöktmöjligheten till nationella krav på riskbedömningar av gravplatser samt krav omväxter med fytoremedierade förmåga på de gravplatser det behövs. Då vart pastoratvar juridiskt självstyrande var nationellt bindande krav inte möjligt. Tvingandeåtgärder kunde bara komma från en myndighet exempelvis länsstyrelsen. Riktlinjeroch uttalade målsättningar fanns från Svenska kyrkans sida, som ansvarar förmajoriteten av Sveriges gravplatser, och stor fokus ägnades åt att ge stöd,information och utbildning från nationell nivå. Krav på begravningsbyråer ochflorister om att inte erbjuda produkter som kunde utgöra föroreningsrisker behövdeäven de komma från myndigheter då Svenska kyrkan inte hade mandat för att krävasådana begränsningar. Från utförd enkätundersökning, besvarad av 57 svenskabegravningsbyråer, inkom önskemål om att en certifiering skulle krävas både för attstarta upp en begravningsbyrå och för att få fortsätta driva den. Enkäten innehölläven önskemål om reglering av branschen och att utbildningen inte skulle kommafrån förbundet utan från myndigheter. Från enkäten gick att utläsa att även omkunden var i första rum behövde det inte automatiskt innebära att miljöhänsynbehövde uteslutas, en vacker begravning och ceremonier gick att kombinera medbra val ur miljösynpunkt. Studien såg möjlighet i att begravningsbyråer ochbranschorganisationen skulle kunna ta större ansvar i fråga om att bara erbjudakistor och urnor av miljömässigt fördelaktiga material. För maximal miljömässigvinst skulle ett förbud krävas av Riksdagen som i sin tur måste ha väl genomfördforskning för att grunda sitt beslut på, vilket i dagsläget saknas. / In the event of changes in climate and changes in water patterns, contamination inthe soil derived from previous activities in connection with funerals may entailincreased risks of contamination of groundwater in connection with burial sites.Disease-spreading pathogens arise only from coffin burials, so the increasing trendof cremations that can be seen in Sweden reduces these risks. More performedcremations and that the ash is concentrated on limiting areas can mean that thebinding capacity of the soil is exceeded, and that is something that must beinvestigated more thoroughly, and risk assessed. For liquids used in embalming thedead, the risks are not necessarily clear how they can affect the person performingthe process or the environment surrounding the graveyard and since only regionalregulations determine the choice of embalming fluids, this means that severaldifferent residues of embalming fluids may be scattered over different burial sites.To reduce the risk that rainwater can carry pollutants and pathogens from burialsites to nearby water sources, planting of trees and border plants is encouraged thatcan help maintain water flows within the burial site. The study has investigated thepossibility of national requirements for risk assessments of burial sites as well asrequirements for plants with phytoremediation ability in the burial sites that areneeded. As each pastorate was legally self-governing, nationally bindingrequirements were not possible. Compulsory measures could only come from anauthority such as the county administrative board. Guidelines and stated goals wereset by the Church of Sweden, which is responsible for the majority of Sweden'sgraveyards, and great focus was placed on providing support, information andeducation from the national level. Requirements for funeral homes and florists notto offer products that could pose pollution risks also needed to come fromauthorities as the Church of Sweden did not have a mandate to demand suchrestrictions. From a survey conducted, answered by 57 Swedish funeral homes,requests were received that a certification would be required both to start up afuneral home and to be allowed to continue running it. The survey also containedrequests for regulation of the industry and that the education would not come fromthe union but from authorities. From the survey it could be deduced that even if thecustomer was first priority, it did not automatically mean that environmentalconsiderations needed to be excluded, a beautiful funeral and ceremonies could becombined with good choices from an environmental point of view. The study sawthe possibility that funeral homes and the trade association could take greaterresponsibility in terms of only offering coffins and urns of environmentallyadvantageous materials. For maximum environmental benefit, a ban would berequired by the Riksdag, which in turn must have carried out well-conductedresearch to base its decision on, which is currently lackingIn the event of changes in climate and changes in water patterns, contamination inthe soil derived from previous activities in connection with funerals may entailincreased risks of contamination of groundwater in connection with burial sites.Disease-spreading pathogens arise only from coffin burials, so the increasing trendof cremations that can be seen in Sweden reduces these risks. More performedcremations and that the ash is concentrated on limiting areas can mean that thebinding capacity of the soil is exceeded, and that is something that must beinvestigated more thoroughly, and risk assessed. For liquids used in embalming thedead, the risks are not necessarily clear how they can affect the person performingthe process or the environment surrounding the graveyard and since only regionalregulations determine the choice of embalming fluids, this means that severaldifferent residues of embalming fluids may be scattered over different burial sites.To reduce the risk that rainwater can carry pollutants and pathogens from burialsites to nearby water sources, planting of trees and border plants is encouraged thatcan help maintain water flows within the burial site. The study has investigated thepossibility of national requirements for risk assessments of burial sites as well asrequirements for plants with phytoremediation ability in the burial sites that areneeded. As each pastorate was legally self-governing, nationally bindingrequirements were not possible. Compulsory measures could only come from anauthority such as the county administrative board. Guidelines and stated goals wereset by the Church of Sweden, which is responsible for the majority of Sweden'sgraveyards, and great focus was placed on providing support, information andeducation from the national level. Requirements for funeral homes and florists notto offer products that could pose pollution risks also needed to come fromauthorities as the Church of Sweden did not have a mandate to demand suchrestrictions. From a survey conducted, answered by 57 Swedish funeral homes,requests were received that a certification would be required both to start up afuneral home and to be allowed to continue running it. The survey also containedrequests for regulation of the industry and that the education would not come fromthe union but from authorities. From the survey it could be deduced that even if thecustomer was first priority, it did not automatically mean that environmentalconsiderations needed to be excluded, a beautiful funeral and ceremonies could becombined with good choices from an environmental point of view. The study sawthe possibility that funeral homes and the trade association could take greaterresponsibility in terms of only offering coffins and urns of environmentallyadvantageous materials. For maximum environmental benefit, a ban would berequired by the Riksdag, which in turn must have carried out well-conductedresearch to base its decision on, which is currently lacking
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:UPSALLA1/oai:DiVA.org:lnu-104186 |
| Date | January 2021 |
| Creators | Petersson, Maria |
| Publisher | Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM) |
| Source Sets | DiVA Archive at Upsalla University |
| Language | Swedish |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Student thesis, info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis, text |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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