A thorough understanding of the underlying electronic principles guiding the stability and reactivity of clusters has direct implications for the identification of stable clusters for incorporation into clusters-assembled materials with tunable properties. This work explores the electronic principles governing the stability and reactivity of two types of clusters: ligated metal clusters and silicon encapsulated transition metal clusters. In the first case, the reactivity of iodine-protected aluminum clusters, Al13Ix- (x=0-4) and Al14Iy- (y-0-5), with the protic species methanol was studied. The symmetrical ground states of Al13Ix- showed no reactivity with methanol but reactivity was achieved in a higher energy isomer of Al13I2- with iodines on adjacent aluminum atoms – complementary Lewis acid-base active sites were induced on the opposite side of the cluster capable of breaking the O-H bond in methanol. Al14Iy- (y=2-5) react with methanol, but only at the ligated adatom site. Reaction of methanol with Al14- and Al14I- showed that ligation of the adatom was necessary for the reaction to occur there – revealing the concept of a ligand-activated adatom. In the second case, the study focused heavily on CrSi12, a silicon encapsulated transition metal cluster whose stability and the reason for that stability has been debated heavily in the literature. Calculations of the energetic properties of CrSin (n=6-16) revealed both CrSi12 and CrSi14 to have enhanced stability relative to other clusters; however CrSi12 lacks all the traditional markers of a magic cluster. Molecular orbital analysis of each of these clusters showed the CNFEG model to be inadequate in describing their stability. Because the 3dz2 orbital of Cr is unfilled in CrSi12, this cluster has only 16 effective valence electrons, meaning that the 18-electron rule is not applicable. The moderate stability of CrSi12 can be accounted for by the crystal-field splitting of the 3d orbitals, which pushes the 3dz2 orbital up in energy. CrSi14, on the other hand, has 18 effective valence electrons on Cr, minimal 3d-orbital splitting, and does follow the 18-electron rule. A repetition of these calculations with WSin (n=6-16) showed similar results, except WSi12 shows all the markers of a magic cluster, due to the greater crystal-field splitting of 5d orbitals.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:vcu.edu/oai:scholarscompass.vcu.edu:etd-4747 |
| Date | 01 January 2015 |
| Creators | Abreu, Marissa B |
| Publisher | VCU Scholars Compass |
| Source Sets | Virginia Commonwealth University |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | Theses and Dissertations |
| Rights | © The Author |
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