<p> Toksične cijanobakterije i cijanotoksini detektovani su u akumulacijama za<br />snabdevanje vodom za piće, rekreaciju, navodnjavanje i ribnjacima na teritoriji Srbije.<br />Cvetanje<em> Planktothrix rubescens </em> i mikrocistini su detektovani u jezeru Vrutci, akumulaciji za snabdevanje vodom za piće Užica, koja služi i u rekreativne svrhe. Izrazita toksičnost (<em>Artemia salina bioesej</em>) i visoke koncentracije mikrocistina (LC-MS/MS) su pronađene u biomasi iz jezera, a u jezerskoj i vodovodnoj vodi je detektovan dmMC-RR. Mikrocistini (MC-LR, MC-RR i njihove dimetilovane forme) su detektovani u tkivu ribe iz jezera Vrutci. Na osnovu epidemioloških podataka i rezultata sprovedenog upitnika iz Užica, mogu se pretpostaviti neki akutni negativni efekti cijanobakterija i cijanotoksina na ljude (stomačne tegobe, iritacije kože<br />i očiju, učestale glavobolje) i na druge izložene organizme (ribe, pse).<br /> U Centralnoj Srbiji uočena je povezanost povećanih incidenci pojedinih kancera<br />(primarnog kancera jetre; mozga; srca, medijastinuma i plućne maramice; jajnika; testisa; želuca; kolorektuma; retroperitoneuma i peritoneuma; leukemija; i malignog melanoma kože) sa pojavom cvetanja u akumulacijama za vodosnabdevanje. U tri kritična okruga (Nišavski, Šumadijski i Toplički) koja se snabdevaju vodom za piće iz akumulacija koje cvetaju incidence navedenih kancera su tokom desetogodišnjeg perioda bile znatno više u poređenju sa ostatalim okruzima Centralne Srbije i Vojvodine. Takođe, tokom posmatranog perioda nije uočena korelacija između incidence primarnog kancera jetre i njegovih glavnih faktora rizika (ciroze jetre, HCV i HBV). Cijanotoksini mogu biti jedan od faktora rizika koji zajedno sa drugim faktorima deluju sinergistički i dovode do povećanja incidence pojedinih kancera.<br /> U kompleksu ribnjaka Vojvodine (13 analiziranih) tokom leta 2011. zabeleženo je<br />cvetanje, a u uzorcima vode su detektovani (ELISA) mikrocistin, nodularin (11 ribnjaka) i saksitoksin (5 ribnjaka). MC-RR je pronađen u četiri uzorka mišićnog tkiva šarana (<em>Cyprinus carpio)</em> iz ovih ribnjaka. Uočene su i histopatološke promene na organima (creva, jetra, bubrezi, škrge i mišići) ribe gajene u ribnjacima koji su cvetali. Posmatrani negativni efekti i akumulacija cijanotoksina u tkivima riba ukazuju da cvetanje cijanobakterija u ribnjacima može da utiče na kvalitet ribe, ali i potencijalno na zdravlje potrošača.<br /> Do masivnog pomora ribe došlo je u Aleksandrovačkom jezeru gde je cvetao <em>Cylindrospermopsis raciborski</em>i. <em>Artemia salin</em>a test ukazao je na prisustvo toksičnih jedinjenja u cijanobakterijskim ćelijama, međutim mikrocistini, cilidrospermopsin i saksitoksin nisu detektovani. Postoji mogućnost da je neki drugi, neidentifikovani ili nepoznati cijanobakterijski metabolit doveo do uginuća ribe u akumulaciji koja se koristi za navodnjavanje. Cijanotoksini mogu da se akumuliraju u plodovima biljaka koje se zalivaju kontaminiranom vodom u kojoj se nalaze cijanotoksini. Nakon tromesečnog zalivanja paprika (<em>Capsicum anuum)</em> sa ekstraktom <em> Microcystis aeruginosa</em> PCC 7806, mikrocistini su detektovani u plodu paprike. Mikrocistini su indukovali oksidativni stres kod eksperimentalne biljke i u velikoj meri uticali na smanjenje njene antioksidantne sposobnosti. Zalivanje biljaka, koje se koriste u ljudskoj ishrani, sa kontaminiranom vodom usled cvetanja, može da ima negativne efekte na biljke ali potencialno i ljude koji ih konzumiraju.<br /> Mikrocistini (MC-LR i dmMC-LR) su detektovani u dva testirana suplementa na bazi<br />cijanobakterija koji se prodaju na našem tržištu, u koncentracijama koje prevazilaze<br />preporučene granične vrednosti. Dugotrajna upotreba ovih preparata u velikim količinama, može da predstavlja rizik po ljudsko zdravlje.<br /> Na osnovu dobijenih podataka za teritoriju Republike Srbije, ljudi mogu na različite<br />načine da budu izloženi cijanobakterijama i njihovim toksičnim metabolitima i da usled toga imaju zdravstvene posledice, iz tog razloga treba uvesti kontrolu cijanobakterija i cijanotoksina u vodi, hrani i suplementima.</p> / null / <p>Toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins were detected in reservoirs for drinking water supply, recreation, irrigation and fishponds on the territory of Serbia. Following blooming of <em>Planktothrix rubescens </em> microcystins were detected in the lake Vrutci, the reservoir for drinking water supply of Užice, which is also used fore recreational purposes. Pronounced toxicity (<em>Artemia salina </em>bioassay) and high concentrations of microcystins (LC-MS/MS) were found in biomass, while in the lake and tap water dmMC-RR was detected. MC-LR, MC-RR and their dimethylated forms were detected in fish tissue from lake Vrutci. On the basis of epidemiological data and the results of questionnaire conducted in Užice, some acute adverse effects of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins on people (abdominal problems, skin and eye irritation, frequent headaches), and the other exposed organisms (fish, dogs) could be assumed.</p><p> In Central Serbia correlation between blooming in reservoirs for water supply and increased incidence of certain cancers (primary liver cancer; brain; heart, mediastinum and pleura; ovary; testis; stomach; colorectum; retroperitoneum and peritoneum; leukemia; and malignant melanoma of skin) was observed. During the ten-year period in three critical districts (Nišavski, Šumadijski and Toplički), which are supplied with drinking water from blooming reservoirs, the incidence of mentioned cancers were significantly higher compared with remaining districts of Central Serbia and Vojvodina. In addition, during this period correlation between the incidence of primary liver cancer and its major risk factors (liver cirrhosis, HCV and HBV) was not observed. Accordingly, cyanotoxins may be one of the risk factors that, together with other factors act synergistically and lead to increased incidence of certain cancers.</p><p>In the summer of 2011, complex of fishponds in Vojvodina (13 analyzed) was blooming, and in water samples microcystin, nodularin (11 ponds) and saxitoxin (5 ponds) were detected (ELISA). MC-RR was found in four samples of carp <em>(Cyprinus carpio</em>) muscle tissue from investigated fishponds. Histopathological changes in organs (intestines, liver, kidneys, gills and muscles) of fish grown in blooming ponds were also observed. The observed negative effects and cyanotoxin accumulation in fish, suggest that blooming of cyanobacteria in fishponds may affect the quality of the fish, but also potentially the health of consumers.</p><p> A massive fish kill occurred in Aleksandrovac lake, where <em> Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii</em> bloomed. <em>Artemia salina</em> test indicated the presence of toxic compounds in a cyanobacterial cells, however microcystins, cilidrospermopsin and saxitoxin were not detected. There is a possibility that another, unidentified or unknown cyanobacterial metabolite led to fish mortality in this reservoir used for irrigation. Cyanotoxins may accumulate in the fruits of plants that are irigated with contaminated water containing cyanotoxins. After watering pepper <em>(Capsicum anuum</em>) for three-months with extract of <em>Microcystis aeruginosa</em> PCC 7806, microcystins were detected in fruit. Microcystin induced oxidative stress in experimental plants and influenced the reduction of its antioxidant capabilities. Irigation of plants used for human nutrition, with contaminated water due to blooming, can have negative effects on plants and potentially humans who consume them.</p><p> Microcystins (MC-LR and dmMC-LR) were also detected in the two tested cyanobacterial supplements from Serbian market, in concentrations that exceed the recommended guideline values. Therefore, long-term use of these products in large quantities, may present a risk to human health.</p><p> Based on the obtained data on the territory of the Republic of Serbia, people can in various ways, be exposed to cyanobacteria and their toxic metabolites, and as a consequence can have health problems, thus presence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in water, food and supplements should be controlled.</p>
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:uns.ac.rs/oai:CRISUNS:(BISIS)95102 |
| Date | 29 September 2015 |
| Creators | Drobac Damjana |
| Contributors | Svirčev Zorica, Simeunović Jelica, Stokić Edita |
| Publisher | Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences at Novi Sad |
| Source Sets | University of Novi Sad |
| Language | Serbian |
| Detected Language | Unknown |
| Type | PhD thesis |
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