The purpose of this thesis was to determine ways to maximize creatine uptake and retention during creatine supplementation. Since there are many factors that affect muscle creatine concentrations, a series of studies were performed. In the first study, the purpose was to determine if á-lipoic acid aided creatine uptake and retention. It was hypothesized that á-lipoic acid would increase creatine uptake, because it has been found to increase glucose disposal in animal studies and because creatine uptake has been found to be related to increased glucose transport. Results showed that phosphocreatine and total creatine increased following supplement intervention. In the second study, the purpose was to develop an optimal dose of creatine in order to minimize urinary excretion of creatine. It was hypothesized that individuals with more lean tissue mass would excrete less urinary creatine during consumption of the same loading dose. There was a high negative correlation between lean tissue mass and urine creatine excretion. Regression equations were developed for the relationship between lean tissue mass and urine total creatine and used to determine the amount of creatine to ingest relative to lean tissue mass that would result in minimal creatine losses in urine. Based on these results, a creatine dose of 0.22 [right arrow] 0.25 g/kg lean tissue mass/d was recommended. In the third study, the purpose was to determine if a habitual vegetarian diet resulted in lower muscle creatine and phosphocreatine concentrations compared to an omnivorous diet. A secondary purpose was to determine if creatine supplementation and weight training resulted in greater increases in muscle metabolite content, muscle fiber area, lean tissue mass, and strength in vegetarians compared to non-vegetarians. Results indicated that vegetarians had lower resting total creatine concentration, and that creatine supplementation and weight training led to greater increases in muscle phosphocreatine and total creatine in vegetarians compared to non-vegetarians (p < 0.0125). The supplement and exercise intervention eliminated the differences in intramuscular total creatine concentration that existed prior to the study. Type II muscle fiber area, lean tissue mass, total work output, and 1-RM bench press increased to a greater extent following creatine supplementation compared to placebo supplementation (p < 0.017), with no difference between vegetarians and non-vegetarians. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:USASK/oai:usask.ca:etd-10212004-002603 |
| Date | 01 January 2001 |
| Creators | Burke, Darren Gerard |
| Contributors | Faulkner, Robert A., Chilibeck, Philip D. |
| Publisher | University of Saskatchewan |
| Source Sets | University of Saskatchewan Library |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | http://library.usask.ca/theses/available/etd-10212004-002603 |
| Rights | unrestricted, I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained and attached hereto a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted is the same as that approved by my advisory committee. I hereby grant to University of Saskatchewan or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified below, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report. |
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