Indigenous forests of South Africa are few, small in size and highly fragmented,
yet they face intense exploitation particularly in the rural areas. Management of these
forests is challenging. High rural dependency on forests and the need to ensure the
maintenance of the forest ecological processes that maintain biodiversity and ecosystem
integrity are at odds with one another. Rural needs from forests are mainly short-term
and interfere with the longer cycle of ecosystem maintenance. In Umzimvubu District
of Eastern Cape Province forest management through sustainable use is hampered by a
lack of information about the forests' ecology, resource availability and exploitation
patterns. Thus it is difficult to set quotas or sustainable harvesting levels. This study
addresses these challenges by tackling crosscutting themes of (1) forest policy and use,
(2) forest resource availability and exploitation and, (3) the ecological processes of
forest regeneration - all vital components for sustainable forest management.
Using questionnaires it was found that all forest stakeholders (i.e. forest
resource users and managers) were opposed to a ban on forest resource use but agreed
to regulated harvesting. Although the new forest policy advocates the devolution of
forest management from the state to communities, resource users preferred a greater
role for the state in forest management than expected. Given the choice stakeholders
selected state forest management over community forest management. However, the
combination of roles of the state and communities in forest management, as
exemplified by the new policy of participatory forest management (PFM) is probably
the most applicable management practice, although it is not without its problems.
Tree species are the focus of this study. Trees were largely used for fuelwood,
medicinal purposes, craftwork, fencing posts and building poles and involved twenty
species. Poles and posts were indiscriminately harvested from the medium (10-20cm
dbh) tree size-class. Fuelwood harvesting was selective and only certain species were
used. Fuelwood harvesting is unsustainable because the average amount of deadwood
produced by the forest marginally balanced that removed from forest as fuelwood.
Similarly medicinal tree harvesting (largely through stem debarking) was unsustainable
and at least 28% of the debarked trees died. Only one species (Macaranga capensis)
could withstand the current stem bark harvesting pressure.
Species suitable for pole and post harvesting were determined by a graphic
method, based on linear-programming approach that examined the spatial scale or grain
of regeneration of a species. The grain of a species is established by comparing the
density of stems from a species at the forest canopy and sub-canopy levels and
sanctions harvesting only if a species was adequately represented at both levels i.e.,
fine-grained. Only one species (Englerophytum natalense) met these requirements in all forests and could sustain high levels of pole and post exploitation. Harpephyllum
caffrum and Heywoodia lucens are among the most coarse-grained species and their use is discouraged.
A relatively high percentage of the forest is under gaps (7.8%) created via
natural disturbances of windthrow (50%), breaking tree branches (20%) and snags
(13%). Another 17% result from selective tree cutting activities. The gap-phase
dynamics paradigm appears to play a minor role in forest tree regeneration, as gap-size
niche-differentiation is weak and there is no gap-filling guild of pioneer species. A
lottery paradigm best explains tree regeneration in gaps in the forests of Umzimvubu
District. Although selective tree harvesting creates gaps, in moderation gap creation is
unlikely to change the forests' species composition since there is no gap-filling guild
that is favoured by gaps and recruitment is a chance event.
Resource use in the forests of Umzimvubu District is unsustainable and PFM
offers a viable option for managing these forests. Sustainable use of forest cannot be
achieved without an integration of the multifaceted social and ecological issues of
forest management and more importantly without prioritising and understanding the ecology of forests. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:ukzn/oai:http://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za:10413/10245 |
| Date | 17 December 2013 |
| Creators | Obiri, John Angoro Festus. |
| Contributors | Lawes, Michael J. |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Language | en_ZA |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
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