Abstract
Theoretical investigations on the ZrxTa1-xO1+xN1-x system predict that some of its phases are
likely to possess relatively high hardness values.(1) Such materials may be suitable for
industrial application as cutting tools. The motive of the project was to investigate the best
synthesis route and a method for obtaining well sintered, dense oxynitride phases with a
nominal composition TaON (x=0), Ta0.8Zr0.2O1.2N0.8 (x=0.2) and Ta0.3Zr0.7O1.7N0.3 (x=0.7).
This was achieved through three main steps, i.e. synthesis of the oxynitride powders, high
pressure sintering and evaluation of mechanical properties. A sol gel method was used to
obtain the precursor oxide powders. TaCl5 and 70wt% zirconium propoxide were used as
the starting materials. Oxide gels were formed by dissolving precursor materials in absolute
ethanol for 15minutes with continuous stirring, followed by subsequent hydrolysis to form
gels which were aged for 24hrs at 800C. The gels were dried in air at 1000C for 12hrs in a
drying oven followed by calcinations in a muffle furnace at 6000C for 6hrs to remove the
alkyls and chloride ions. High surface area amorphous powders were obtained (~6.60 ±
0.02 m2/g in the case of Ta2O5) after milling with 4mm steel balls for 4hrs in a planetary
mill.
The respective oxynitrides were obtained by thermal nitridation using an ammonia
(99.99%) flow method. A temperature of 9000C maintained for 4hrs in the presence of
water vapour at an ammonia flow rate of 50cm3/min were found to be the optimum
nitridation conditions. The water vapour pressure was realised by bubbling the ammonia
through a water bath at room temperature prior to supply to the furnace. The water vapour
pressure of such a set up was approximated to be ~3.1*103Pa. This nitridation process was
carried out in a tube furnace using a silica tube of length 1200mm and external diameter of
40mm and an alumina boat as the holding vessel. Approximately 2g of oxide powder were
used for each run. The dependency of nitridation on temperature and ammonia flow rate
iii
was investigated for the formation of TaON. Pure TaON formation was found to be more
favoured by temperatures of 9000C with a heating rate of 200C/min and by an ammonia
flow rate range of 40-50cm3/min. These conditions were also used for the mixed Ta-Zr
oxynitrides. Ta0.3Zr0.7O1.7N0.3 formation was found to be dependent on the heating rate with
ZrO2 forming beside the oxynitride solid solution above a heating rate of 100C/min. In the
present work the phenomenon has been found to be dependent on the kinetics of the
crystallisation reactions. At higher heating rates crystallisation of the separate phases is
favoured leading to the formation of separate phases. On the other hand with an optimum
heating rate the solid solution is maintained to the final nitridation temperature.
The powders were found to be thermally stable in air above 6000C with TaON being the
most stable with a weight change occurring at a temperature of ~6900C. The powders were
stable in pure nitrogen well above 10000C. Sintering in a hot press in the temperature range
of 900-14000C at a heating rate of 500C/min and a pressure range of 50-85MPa using
previously heat treated h-BN crucibles in argon resulted in porous, partially densified
materials. A maximum % theoretical density of 81.6% was obtained for TaON at 10000C
and 85MPa pressure applied for 1hr. TaON oxidised to Ta2O5 above 10000C with an oxide
phase transition being observed above 13000C.
High pressure sintering was carried out in the temperature and pressure regime of 920-
12000C and 3-5.5GPa respectively in the case of TaON. The mixed Ta-Zr oxynitrides were
sintered at 3GPa at a temperature of 11000C. No phase transitions were observed in all
cases. An average hardness value of ~16.8GPa and fracture toughness of ~3.4MPam1/2
were obtained for the TaON phase. Ta0.3Zr0.7O1.7N0.3 and Ta0.8Zr0.2O1.2N0.8 were found to
possess hardness values of 13.4GPa and 13.02GPa respectively under the same sintering
conditions. It was observed that the hardness values obtained for TaON are higher than
those for ZrO2 or HfO2 ceramics, due to the stronger covalent bonding in nitrogen present
in TaON. On the other hand the fracture toughness values are as low as those of fully
stabilised ZrO2 materials due to lack of phase transformation toughening.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:wits/oai:wiredspace.wits.ac.za:10539/4945 |
| Date | 09 June 2008 |
| Creators | Matizamhuka, Wallace R. |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
| Format | 9226 bytes, 227424 bytes, 112014 bytes, 3055818 bytes, application/pdf, application/pdf, application/pdf, application/pdf, application/pdf, application/pdf, application/pdf, application/pdf |
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