<p>Kontrola zdravlja vimena krava je bitan element u procesu proizvodnje zdravstveno<br />bezbednog mleka, te se na farmama visokomlečnih krava, kroz program kontrole mastitisa,<br />redovno sprovode mere otkrivanja i prevencije bolesti vimena. Klinički pregled vimena<br />predstavlja osnovni metod koji pruţa korisne informacije o zdravstvenom statusu vimena<br />krava, ali nailazi na poteškoće u otkrivanju patoloških promena unutar parenhima i papile<br />vimena. U cilju otkrivanja promena u parenhimu vimena moţe se primeniti ultrazvučni<br />pregled koji omogućava vizualizaciju strukturnih promena vimena nastalih kao posledica<br />upalnih procesa i tako olakšava dijagnostiku oboljenja.<br />Tokom poslednjih godina, javio se problem povećanja rezistencije bakterija na<br />antimikrobne lekove, što oteţava lečenje bolesti, ali i ugroţava zdravlje ţivotinja i ljudi.<br />Najčešći uzroci toga su nepravilna upotreba i eventualna zloupotreba antimikrobnih lekova.<br />Mnoga istraţivanja vršena su u in vitro i in vivo uslovima na primeni laktoferina samog ili u<br />kombinaciji sa antibioticima u terapiji i prevenciji mastitisa krava. Laktoferin, gvoţĎe<br />vezujući antimikrobni glikoprotein koji se nalazi u mleku i drugim sekretima, predstavlja<br />bitan deo sistema odbrane mlečne ţlezde.<br />Cilj istraţivanja u okviru ove disertacije je procena dijagnostičke mogućnosti<br />ultrazvučnog pregleda u detekciji subkliničkog mastitisa i poremećene sekrecije vimena,<br />kao i razmatranje opravdanosti primene laktoferina u prevenciji i lečenju mastitisa.<br />Kliničkim pregledom izvršena je procena opšteg zdravstvenog stanja krava, kao i<br />ispitivanje mlečne ţlezde adspekcijom i palpacijom. Za otkrivanje poremećene sekrecije<br />vimena i subkliničkih mastitisa korišćeni su brzi testovi, Kalifornija mastitis test i<br />Draminski test, kao i ultrazvučni pregled mlečne ţlezde krava. OdreĎivanje broja somatskih<br />ćelija u uzorcima mleka uraĎeno je metodom protočne citometrije. Za identifikaciju<br />uzročnika mastitisa korišćene su klasične mikrobiološke metode. Krave sa pozitivnim<br />bakteriološkim nalazom podeljene su u dve ogledne grupe. Krave ogledne grupe I su<br />tretirane intramamarnom aplikacijom antibiotika, dok je kravama ogledne grupe II<br />aplikovana kombinacija antibiotika i laktoferina. OdreĎivanje koncentracije imunoglobulina<br />G u mlečnom serumu krava vršeno je metodom radioimunodifuzije, a odreĎivanje<br />koncentracije laktoferina u mleku krava ELISA testom.<br />U istraţivanjima u okviru ove disertacije, najčešće izolovani major mastitis patogeni<br />bile su bakterije Staphylococcus aureus i Streptococcus agalactiae, a najčešće izolovani<br />minor mastitis patogeni Corynebacterium spp. i koagulaza negativne stafilokoke.<br />Ultrasonografija mlečne ţlezde krava pokazala se kao efikasna metoda u dijagnostici<br />poremećaja sekrecije vimena. Veće vrednosti koncentracije imunoglobulina G u mlečnom<br />serumu krava uočene su tokom perioda predzasušenja i zasušenja, u odnosu na period rane<br />laktacije. Najveći uticaj na porast koncentracije laktoferina u mleku krava su imali<br />bakterijski uzročnici mastitisa. Efikasnost antibiotske terapije primenjene tokom perioda<br />zasušenja kod krava ogledne grupe I iznosila je 52,7%, dok je efikasnost primenjene terapije<br />sa goveĎim laktoferinom i antibiotikom kod krava ogledne grupe II iznosila 60%. Aplikacija<br />laktoferina tokom perioda zasušenja doprinela je efikasnosti terapije intramamarnih<br />infekcija, ali nije imala uticaj na koncentraciju laktoferina u mleku tokom perioda rane<br />laktacije.<br />Dalja istraţivanja su neophodna kako bi se u potpunosti potvrdila efikasnost<br />intramamarne terapije sa goveĎim laktoferinom i antibiotikom u cilju eliminacije uzročnika<br />mastitisa i da se precizno odredi terapijska koncentracija laktoferina.</p> / <p>Control of udder health is an essential element in the process of safe milk<br />production, thus, through the mastitis control program, dairy farms regularly conduct<br />measures of detection and prevention of udder diseases. Clinical examination of the udder<br />is a basic method that provides useful information about the health status of cow udders,<br />but this method is limited in its ability to detect pathological changes in the udder<br />parenchyma and teat. In order to detect changes in the parenchyma of the udder, an<br />ultrasound can be applied which allows visualization of udder structural changes incurred<br />as a result of inflammatory processes, thus facilitating diagnosis of diseases.<br />Over the last few years, the problem of increasing resistance to antimicrobial drugs<br />has appeared, making it difficult to treat disease and also threaten the health of animals and<br />humans. The incorrect and widespread use of antimicrobial drugs are the most common<br />cause of this. Many studies were conducted in vitro and in vivo conditions on the use of<br />lactoferrin alone or in combination with antibiotics in the treatment and prevention of<br />mastitis. Lactoferrin, an iron-binding antimicrobial glycoprotein which is found in milk<br />and other secretions, represents an important part of the mammary gland defense system.<br />The aim of the research within this thesis was to evaluate the diagnostic<br />possibilities of udder ultrasonography in the detection of subclinical mastitis and udder<br />secretion disorders, as well as considering the feasibility of lactoferrin application in the<br />prevention and treatment of mastitis.<br />The general condition of the animals was evaluated by clinical examination, as<br />well as udder examination by adspection and palpation. The California mastitis test,<br />Draminski test and ultrasound examination of the cow's mammary glands were used for<br />detection of udder secretion disorders and subclinical mastitis. Somatic cell count in milk<br />samples was determined by flow cytometry method. Classical microbiological methods<br />were used for the isolation and identification of mastitis causative agents. Cows with<br />positive bacteriological findings were divided into two experimental groups. Cows in<br />experimental group I were treated with intramammary applications of antibiotics, while the<br />cows in experimental group II were treated with a combination of antibiotics and<br />lactoferrin. Immunoglobulin G concentration in bovine milk serum was determined by the<br />immunodiffusion method, while lactoferrin concentration in bovine milk was determined<br />using the ELISA test.<br />In this study, the most common isolated major mastitis pathogens were<br />Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae, while Corynebacterium spp. and<br />coagulase-negatice staphilococci were the most commonly detected minor mastitis<br />pathogens. Ultrasonography of the bovine mammary gland proved to be an effective<br />method in the diagnosis of udder secretion disorders. Higher immunoglobulin G<br />concentrations were observed in milk serum from cows during pre-dry and dry period,<br />relative to early lactation period. The biggest influence on the increase in the concentration<br />of lactoferrin in the bovine milk had mastitis pathogens. The efficacy of antibiotic therapy<br />during the dry period in cows of experimental group I was 52.7%, while the efficacy of the<br />applied therapy with lactoferrina and antibiotics in cows of experimental group II was<br />60%. Application of lactoferrin during the dry period contributed to the effectiveness of<br />the treatment of intramammary infections, but had no influence on lactoferrin<br />concentration in the milk during the early lactation period.<br />Further studies are necessary to in order to fully confirm the efficacy of<br />intramammary therapy with bovine lactoferrin and antibiotic to eliminate the mastitis<br />pathogens and to determine the therapeutic concentration of lactoferrin.</p>
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:uns.ac.rs/oai:CRISUNS:(BISIS)100966 |
| Date | 27 July 2016 |
| Creators | Galfi Annamaria |
| Contributors | Radinović Miodrag, Petrović Kosta, Boboš Stanko, Savić Sara, Pajić Marija |
| Publisher | Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Novom Sadu, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture at Novi Sad |
| Source Sets | University of Novi Sad |
| Language | Serbian |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | PhD thesis |
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