Lam, Cheuk Kai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-173). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.vi / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.x / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction to Cholesterol and Its Related Diseases --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Chemistry of cholesterol --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Physiological importance of cholesterol --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Pathological effects of cholesterol --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3.1 --- Mechanism of atherosclerosis --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Cholesterol Homeostasis --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Liver as the main organ for cholesterol metabolism --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Regulatory sites of cholesterol metabolism --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Regulation of cholesterol absorption by acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP-2) as a transcription factor for 3 -hydroxy-3 -methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Roles ofLDLR --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.2.4 --- Rate limiting role of HMGR in cholesterol de novo synthesis --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.2.5 --- Roles of liver-X-receptor-a (LXR-a) in cholesterol catabolism --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.2.6 --- Roles of CYP7A1 in catabolism of cholesterol into bile acids --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.2.7 --- Roles of cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) in maintaining cholesterol distribution in blood --- p.22 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- EFFECT OF OCTADECAENOIC ACIDS ON BLOOD CHOLESTEROL IN HAMSTERS / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on blood cholesterol --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Differential effects of 18-C PUFAs on lowering blood cholesterol in vivo --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- "Structures, metabolism and conjugation of octadecaenoic acids (ODA)" --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Objectives --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2 --- Experiment 1 --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Materials and methods --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Experimental fatty acids --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1.1.1 --- Isolation of LN from flaxseed --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1.1.2 --- Isolation of CLN from tung seed --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Animals --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- Diets --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.1.4 --- Plasma lipid measurements --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.1.5 --- Plasma CETP activity measurement --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.1.6 --- "Measurement of liver SREBP-2, LDLR, HMGR and CYP7A1 protein abundance by Western blotting" --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.1.7 --- "Measurement of hepatic SREBP-2, LDLR, HMGR, LXR, CYP7A1, CETP, SR-B1 and LCAT mRNA by real time PCR" --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.1.7.1 --- Extraction of mRNA --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.1.1.2 --- Complementary DNA synthesis --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.1.7.3 --- Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) anaylsis --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.1.8 --- Determination of cholesterol in liver --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.1.9 --- Determination of fecal neutral and acidic sterols --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.1.9.1 --- Determination of fecal neutral sterols --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.1.9.2 --- Determination of fecal acidic sterols --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.1.10 --- Statistics --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Results --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Growth and food intake --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Organ weights --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- "Effects of ODA on serum TC, TG and HDL-C" --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Effect of ODA on liver cholesterol --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.2.5 --- Effect of ODA on fecal neutral sterol output --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.2.6 --- Effect of ODA on fecal acidic sterol output --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.2.7 --- Effect of ODA on cholesterol balance in hamsters --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.2.8 --- Effect of ODA on plasma CETP activity --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.2.9 --- Correlation between blood TC and liver cholesterol --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.2.10 --- Correlation between blood HDL-C and liver cholesterol --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.2.11 --- Correlation between blood nHDL/HDL ratio and liver cholesterol --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.2.12 --- Effect ofODA on liver SREBP-2 immunoreactive mass --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.2.13 --- Effect of ODA on liver LDLR immunoreactive mass --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.2.14 --- Effect of ODA on liver HMGR immunoreactive mass --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.2.15 --- Effect of ODA on liver LXR immunoreactive mass --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.2.16 --- Effect of ODA on liver CYP7A1 immunoreactive mass --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.2.17 --- Effects ofODA on hepatic CETP mRNA --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.2.18 --- Effects of ODA on hepatic LDLR mRNA --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.2.19 --- Effects of ODA on hepatic LXR mRNA --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.2.20 --- Effects of ODA on hepatic CYP7A1 mRNA --- p.65 / Chapter 2.3 --- Experiment 2 --- p.70 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Materials and Methods --- p.70 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Experimental diets --- p.70 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Animals --- p.70 / Chapter 2.3.1.3 --- Intestinal acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity measurement --- p.70 / Chapter 2.3.1.3.1 --- Preparation of intestinal microsome --- p.71 / Chapter 2.3.1.3.2 --- ACAT activity assay --- p.71 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Results --- p.73 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Growth and food intake --- p.73 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Organ weights --- p.73 / Chapter 2.3.2.3 --- "Effect of ODA on serum TC, TG and HDL-C" --- p.73 / Chapter 2.3.2.4 --- Effect of ODA feeding on fecal neutral sterol content --- p.77 / Chapter 2.3.2.5 --- Effect of ODA feeding on fecal acidic sterol content --- p.77 / Chapter 2.3.2.6 --- Effect of ODA feeding on intestinal acyl coenzyme A: acyl cholesterol transferase (ACAT) activity --- p.77 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.81 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- EFFECT OF OCTADECAENOIC ACIDS ON CHOLESTEROL-REGULATING GENES IN HepG2 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.86 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- HepG2 as a model of cholesterol regulation --- p.86 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on cholesterol regulating genes in cultured cells --- p.87 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Objectives --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.90 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Cell culture --- p.90 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- "Measurement of SREBP-2, LDLR, HMGR and CYP7A1 protein abundance by Western blotting" --- p.92 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- "Measurement of cellular SREBP-2, LDLR, HMGR, LXR, CYP7A1 and CETP mRNA by real time PCR" --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Statistics --- p.93 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.95 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Effect of ODA on HepG2 SREBP-2 immunoreactive mass --- p.95 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Effect of ODA on HepG2 HMGR immunoreactive mass --- p.95 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Effect of ODA on HepG2 LDLR immunoreactive mass --- p.95 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Effect of ODA on HepG2 LXR immunoreactive mass --- p.95 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Effect of ODA on HepG2 CYP7A1 immunoreactive mass --- p.96 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Effect of ODA supplementation on HepG2 SREBP-2 mRNA expression --- p.102 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Effect of ODA supplementation on HepG2 SREBP-2 mRNA expression --- p.102 / Chapter 3.3.8 --- Effect of ODA supplementation on HepG2 LDLR mRNA expression --- p.102 / Chapter 3.3.9 --- Effect of ODA supplementation on HepG2 LXR mRNA expression --- p.106 / Chapter 3.3.10 --- Effect of ODA supplementation on HepG2 CYP7A1 mRNA expression --- p.106 / Chapter 3.3.11 --- Effect of ODA supplementation on HepG2 CETP mRNA expression --- p.106 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.110 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- EFFECT OF APPLE POLYPHENOLS ON BLOOD CHOLESTEROL IN HAMSTERS / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.114 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Apple is a commonly consumed fruit worldwide --- p.114 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Potential health effects of apples --- p.114 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Abundance of polyphenols in apple --- p.115 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Fuji variety of apple --- p.116 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Objectives --- p.116 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.118 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Isolation of AP --- p.118 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Characterization of AP extract --- p.118 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Effect of AP on CETP activity in vitro --- p.118 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Effect of AP on blood cholesterol in hamsters --- p.119 / Chapter 4.2.4.1 --- Animals --- p.119 / Chapter 4.2.4.2 --- Diets --- p.120 / Chapter 4.2.4.3 --- Plasma lipids measurement --- p.121 / Chapter 4.2.4.4 --- Plasma CETP activity measurement and immunoreactive mass by Western blotting --- p.123 / Chapter 4.2.4.5 --- "Measurement of liver SREBP-2, LDL-R, HMG-R and CYP7A1 protein abundance by Western blotting" --- p.124 / Chapter 4.2.4.6 --- Statistics --- p.124 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.125 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Polyphenol content in AP --- p.125 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Effect of AP on CETP activity in vitro --- p.125 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Growth and food intake --- p.128 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Organ weights --- p.128 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Effect of AP supplementation on the plasma lipid profile of hamsters --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Effect of AP feeding on plasma CETP activity of the hamsters --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- Effect of AP on plasma CETP immunoreactive mass --- p.134 / Chapter 4.3.8 --- Effect of AP on liver SREBP-2 immunoreactive mass --- p.134 / Chapter 4.3.9 --- Effect of AP on liver LDLR immunoreactive mass --- p.134 / Chapter 4.3.10 --- Effect of AP on liver HMGR immunoreactive mass --- p.134 / Chapter 4.3.11 --- Effect of AP on liver CYP7A1 immunoreactive mass --- p.134 / Chapter 4.3.12 --- Effect of AP on liver cholesterol level --- p.140 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.142 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.145 / REFERENCES --- p.148
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:cuhk.edu.hk/oai:cuhk-dr:cuhk_326080 |
| Date | January 2007 |
| Contributors | Lam, Cheuk Kai., Chinese University of Hong Kong Graduate School. Division of Food and Nutritional Sciences. |
| Source Sets | The Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| Language | English, Chinese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Text, bibliography |
| Format | print, xvi, 173 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. |
| Rights | Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) |
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