The cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), resulting from complications of atherosclerosis, remain the leading cause of morbidity and death worldwide. Atherosclerosis as a chronic inflammatory disease, involves both innate and adaptive arms of immunity in which macrophages play the orchestral role in modulating lesion initiation, progression, and potentially devastating thrombotic complications. Available evidences support the notion of a central role of oxidative stress, due mainly to the imbalance between antioxidants and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in CVDs. Furthermore, the pathology is frequently associated with dynamic changes in macrophage activation, with classically activated M1 cells implicated in initiating and sustaining inflammation and M2 or M2-like cells associated with resolution or smoldering chronic inflammation. Among endogenous antioxidants, the thiordoxine-1 (Trx1) plays a central role in several diseases including CVD. Thus, the ubiquitous Trx1 has been reported to exert a myriad of beneficial roles. Indeed, it regulates not only cellular redox homeostasis and acts as a principal antioxidant defense system, but it also affects energy metabolism, modulates the immunological and inflammatory responses, and controls cell growth and survival. In contrast, its truncated form (Trx-80), exerts an opposite effects. However, several studies reported the beneficial role of Trx system in CVDs but the detailed molecular mechanism is not addressed yet. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the role of both Trx1 and Trx80 in the biology of atherosclerosis through the modulation of macrophage polarization and the implicated signaling pathways as well. Our in vitro major findings, using human macrophages and murine peritoneal macrophages, revealed that Trx1 on one hand promoted the polarization of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages through downregulation of p16INK4a and suppressing nuclear translocation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and Ref-1 as evidenced by the expression of the CD206 and IL-10 markers. On the other hand Trx1 also reduced the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced differentiation of inflammatory M1 macrophages, as indicated by the decreased expression of the M1 cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP¨-1). By contrast, Trx80 treatment attenuated the polarization of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages induced by IL-4 or IL-4/IL-13 even it potentiated LPS-induced M1 activation. To validate our obtained in vitro results, hyperlipoproteinemic C57Bl/6.ApoE2.ki mice and human atherosclerotic vessel specimens from patients undergoing vascular surgery were used. Consistently, Trx1 and Trx80 affected macrophage phenotype in thymus, liver and atherosclerotic lesions. As a consequence, Trx1 reduced whereas Trx80 increased the aortic lesion area in mice. Plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides did not changed by the treatment. To further explore our results, the implicated signaling pathways has been studied and it was found that both Trx1 and Trx80 activated Akt. Furthermore, Trx80 uses mTOR signaling pathway to exert its effect in polarizing macrophages toward M1 phenotype since it activated mTOR in a dose-dependent manner as demonstrated by the increased phosphorylation of P70S6K. Based on our results, Trx1 antagonizes whereas Trx80 potentiates atherosclerosis through changing M1/M2 phenotypes. Therefore, Trx1 represents a promising target for therapeutic interventions.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:CCSD/oai:tel.archives-ouvertes.fr:tel-01069096 |
| Date | 25 March 2014 |
| Creators | Mahmood, Dler Faieeq Darweesh |
| Publisher | Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI |
| Source Sets | CCSD theses-EN-ligne, France |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | PhD thesis |
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