Aim. Baicalein is a bioactive flavonoid component isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis, which has been used as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb for the treatment of inflammation for centuries. Although various pharmacological effects of baicalein have been demonstrated, only limited studies in rats reported pharmacokinetic of baicalein, which exhibited a low oral bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism. In addition, no investigation on human oral absorption or metabolic kinetic profile was reported previously. The current project conducted a series of mechanistic studies aiming to elucidate the intestinal absorption, metabolism and disposition of baicalein. Since glucuronidation plays an important role in the first-pass metabolism of flavonoids including baicalein, additional studies on the relationship between human intestinal glucuronidation activities and chemical structures of flavonoids have also been performed. / Conclusion. Baicalein is well absorbed at intestine but subjected to extensive intestinal glucuronidation resulting in low oral bioavailability. The glucuronidation of baicalein is catalyzed by multiple UGT isozymes. The disposition of baicalein 7-O-glucuronide, the major metabolite of baicalein in vivo, is mediated by the MRP and OATP transporters. The nucleophilicity and stereo-conformation of -OH substituents are crucial for the intestinal glucuronidation of flavonoids. / Methods. For investigation on intestinal absorption, metabolism and disposition of baicalein, human Caco-2 cell monolayer model, rat in situ intestinal perfusion model, and in vitro metabolism model were employed in the present study. For the further investigation on the position preference on glucuronidation of flavonoids at human intestine, the in vitro rates of glucuronidation among seven commercially available mono-hydroxyflavones, namely 3-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 2'-, 3'- and 4'-mono-hydroxyflavones were determined and compared. / Results. The satisfactory permeabilities of baicalein obtained from both Caco-2 cell model and rat intestinal perfusion model indicated its potential good absorption at gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, absorption should not be the rate-limiting factor causing the low oral bioavailability of baicalein. However, extensive glucuronidation occurred in the rat intestine perfusion model with over 90% of baicalein being metabolized after intestinal absorption. Consistent findings were also observed in the in vitro enzyme kinetic studies of baicalein. The biotransformation of baicalein to baicalein 7-O-glucuronide was extensive in human liver microsome, human jejunum microsome, rat liver microsome, and rat jejunum microsome with intrinsic clearances (Vmax/Km) of 618, 446, 436, 298 mul/min/mg, respectively, which are orders of magnitude greater than those of most of western drugs that share the same metabolic pathway. Further enzyme kinetic studies using human recombinant glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) isozymes showed that UGT 1A1, 1A3, 1A8, 1A9, 1A7 and 2B15 were involved in the glucuronidation of baicalein with different kinetic profiles. Mechanistic studies on the disposition of baicalein 7-O-glucuronide formed from a rapid glucuronidation of baicalein in intestine demonstrated that this intracellularly formed glucuronide of baicalein could be actively extruded to both the apical and basolateral sides (the so called efflux) in Caco-2 cell model as well as rat intestinal perfusion model. It was also found that the efflux of the baicalein 7-O-glucuronide followed saturable enzyme kinetics and was effectively inhibited by multi-drug resistance associated proteins (MRP) and organic anion transporters (OATP) inhibitors. Further study on the relationship between flavonoid structures and glucuronidation activities using seven monohydroxyflavones demonstrated that the conjugation rates of 6- and 3'-monohydroxyflavones (HF) were much greater than those of 3-, 4'-, 7-, 2'-HF, while 5HF was the lowest. / Zhang Li. / "August 2006." / Advisers: Zhong Joan Zuo; Ge Lin. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: B, page: 1587. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 186-223). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:cuhk.edu.hk/oai:cuhk-dr:cuhk_343862 |
| Date | January 2006 |
| Contributors | Zhang, Li, Chinese University of Hong Kong Graduate School. Division of Pharmacy. |
| Source Sets | The Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| Language | English, Chinese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Text, theses |
| Format | electronic resource, microform, microfiche, 1 online resource (xvii, 223 p. : ill.) |
| Rights | Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) |
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