Genome stability is essential for cells to survive. Consequently, cells have evolved intricate responses that include transcriptional changes, cell-cycle arrest, activation of DNA repair, and apoptosis. Such responses prevent permanent fixation of DNA damage induced by genotoxic agents into the genome, thus contributing to genome stability.
A collection of proteins implicated in DNA damage responses are called Inhibition of Growth (ING) family, which are a group of small molecular weight proteins that regulate a variety of biological functions ranging from senescence, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and DNA repair. ING proteins interact with Histone Acetyl-transferases (HAT) and Histone Deacetylases (HDAC) to alter the state of chromatin compaction and acetylation status of many proteins during DNA damage. A specific member of the ING family, ING2 has been implicated in modulating the tumor suppressor, p53 function through p300 HAT-mediated acetylation. Irradiation fails to upregulate ING2, but increases its association with transcription co-activator p300. That p300 HAT activation in the cells with ING2 knock down is hampered post-irradiation suggests that the interaction between ING2 and p300 is indispensable for the upregulation of the p300 HAT activity. Cells deficient in protein kinase Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) displays impaired p300 HAT activation and less association between p300 and ING2 following ionizing radiation, indicating that ATM function is also required.
Alkylating agent, N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) upregulates ING2 level in both time- and dose-dependent manner. We further observed that ING2 regulates the cell death response induced by this alkylator through a mechanism involving acetylation and stabilization of p73. Induction/acetylation of p53, in response to MNNG, however, proceeds in an ING2-independent manner. Inhibition of c-Abl by STI571 treatment blocked ING2 upregulation and p73 acetylation induced by MNNG. Similarly, MLH1- suppressed or mutated cells displayed defective ING2 upregulation and p73 acetylation in response to MNNG, which suggests that Mlh1- and c-Abl-dependent upregulation of ING2 activates the cell death response to MNNG through p73 acetylation.
Taken together, these findings demonstrate that ING2 plays an important role in the cellular responses to different DNA damage by regulating the acetylation of tumor suppressors.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:PITT/oai:PITTETD:etd-02182009-224915 |
| Date | 19 February 2009 |
| Creators | Sun, Guoming |
| Contributors | Shi-Yuan Cheng, Lin Zhang, Saleem Khan, Baskaran Rajasekaran, Martin Schmidt |
| Publisher | University of Pittsburgh |
| Source Sets | University of Pittsburgh |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | http://etd.library.pitt.edu/ETD/available/etd-02182009-224915/ |
| Rights | restricted, I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained and attached hereto a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted is the same as that approved by my advisory committee. I hereby grant to University of Pittsburgh or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified below, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report. |
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