Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Magister
Technologiae: Consumer Science Food and Nutrition, Durban University of
Technology, 2011. / The objective of the study was to conduct a situational analysis of elderly people on state
pension living in Umlazi, KwaZulu-Natal South Africa. The research focused on the socioeconomic
status, dietary intake, nutritional status, and health status of this community.
Methodology
The sample comprised 270 (224 women and 46 men) randomly selected elderly people
within the 12 wards of Umlazi. The methods used for assessment included a sociodemographic
questionnaire which determined the socioeconomic status. A 24-hr recall
questionnaire and food frequency questionnaire were used to determine dietary intake, while
anthropometric measurements were conducted to determine the nutritional status. A health
questionnaire, including a salt administration questionnaire was used to determine the health
status of the elderly in this community. Trained field workers and nurses assisted in data
collection and food consumption data was captured and analysed by a qualified dietician
using Food Finder version 3.0 computer software program. Descriptive statistics
(frequencies, means, standard deviations and confidence intervals) were determined with the
assistance of a bio-statistician. Socio-demographic and health data were captured onto an
Excel(R) spreadsheet by the researcher. These questionnaires were analysed using the
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows version 17, 0 software program.
Results
The majority of respondents lived in brick houses (84.8%) and the living space generally
consisted of more than three rooms (87.4%). However, the majority of respondents who lived
with >4 to 10 members were 67.4% whilst only 32.6% of households consisted of less than 4
members. The mean household size was 5.1 (±SD 2.9) people, this further illustrates that the
majority of respondents lived with 5 people per household. Grandchildren were present in
70% of the households with a mean of 3 (±SD 5) grandchildren in each household. Results
also indicate that 84.6% of the elderly were the bread winners in these households. The vast
majority of 87.8% of the population had no other source of income. The majority of
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respondents with an income had a total monthly income of R500- R1500 (82.9%) followed
by R1501- R2500 (14.1%) and only 3% had more than R2500 total income. Food expenditure
for most (80%) households was >R500 of the total income. Food shortages due to limited
income were frequent in 54% of households who regularly experienced this problem, whilst
26% sometimes experienced shortages, 15.4% often encounted shortages whereas 2.6%
encounted shortages seldomly and 2.2% never. A large majority of respondents owned
electrical assets, the most commonly owned included a televison (80.3%) , a radio (75.5%)
and a refrigerator (75.1).
The majority of food items consumed were carbohydrate based and the portion sizes were
relatively big, on average 1348.5g per day. The energy contribution from carbohydrates was
65% which is considered to be on the high side (WHO goals 55-75%). Protein intake was
fairly common, with a 15% contribution to energy from total protein (WHO goals 10-15%).
The frequency of vegetable and fruit intake was very low, the portion sizes were also small
and did not meet the recommended daily intake.
The energy contributions showed that 89.2% of the women consumed a diet that supplied
<100% of Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs) and all the men consumed <100% of the
EERs for energy. Sixty three percent of the women and 91.1% of the men consumed <100%
of the EARs for protein. The mean carbohydrate intake in the sample was significantly higher
than the EAR but the women consumed <100% of the EARs for carbohydrates (4.1%) and all
men consumed >100% of the EARs. The majority of the vitamins for both genders indicated
low intakes except for vitamin B12 and B6 in the case of men only. The majority of minerals
indicated low scores for micronutrients except for iron (36.6% for men) and potassium
(39.0% for men) which was consumed mostly by men than women. The mean Food Variety
Score (FVS) (±SD) for all the foods consumed from all the food groups in a period of seven
days was 25.8 (±14.6). The results revealed poor dietary diversity scoring. The cereal group
had the highest mean variety score 5.3 (±2.5) followed by vegetables 4.5 (±2.6), fruit 3.5
(±3.1), flesh foods 3.2 (±1.6), vitamin A-rich fruit and the vegetable group 3.1 (±1.7).
The anthropometric indices indicated that the mean age was 69.7 years (±SD 7.1) and mean
weight of 76.5 kg (±SD 17.3). The BMI scores for the total group indicated that 52% of the
respondents fell into the obese category (BMI = obese 1 >30, obese 2 >35 and obese 3> 40)
and 24% of the respondents were overweight (BMI = 25-29.9). Only 20% were of moderate
weight (BMI 18.5- 24.9). Although more men were overweight (34.2%) compared to 21.9%
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of women, more women (60.1%) were obese compared to men (18.8%). The majority (83%)
of the women were above the cut-off points for waist circumference ( 88cm) and 17% were
within the normal values whilst 74% of the men were within recommended cut-off points
( 102cm) and only 26% exceeded the recommended scores. The results indicate that 77% of
respondents were at risk of developing metabolic syndrome exceeding >0.5 waist-to-heightratio
(WHTR) and 23% were at lower risk. However, the women showed a higher risk of
87.4% and men only 47.9% for metabolic risk. The correlation was significant at the p=0.01
level. There was thus as highly significant relationship between BMI and WHTR ratio for
women.
The health survey results indicated that 90% of the elderly population were in various stages
of hypertension and 6% showed signs of developing hypertension. However, hypertension
was more prevelant in women (91%) than in the men (83%). There was a statistical
significant correlation (p=0.01) between waist circumference and systolic pressure for both
women and men. A high percentage (82%) of the participants reported that they were
currently on chronic medication whereas 18% were not using any chronic medication at the
time. Although hypertension was prevalent in most respondents, it was followed by self
reported diabetes (26.7%) and cancer (1.9%). Results show that elderly experienced
problems with following ereas in the body skeletal joints (72.6%) as well as eyes and teeth
were problematic in 75.9% of the respondents, followed by skin problems (29.6%) and ears
and nose problems (28.6%).
Results in the salt administrative questionnaire indicate that sodium intakes were below
WHO goals <2000mg. Results also show that a high percentage of respondents (60%)
generally never added salt to cooked food as the majority saw it as a health risk. Only 13%
added it always to cooked food and 21% added it sometimes.
Conclusions
The results in the study indicate the high prevelance of poverty, food insecurity and poor
nutritional and health status that compromises the quality of life of elderly living in this
community.
Recommendations
Long-term intervention studies must be prioritised to address economic, health, social and
demographic factors and future research is needed to cater for the growing needs of this
population group.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:dut/oai:localhost:10321/708 |
| Date | January 2011 |
| Creators | Mkhize, Nkumbulo Xolile |
| Contributors | Oldewage-Theron, Wilna, Napier, Carin E. |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
| Format | 266 p |
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