Paraffin is used as a main household energy source for cooking, lighting and heating by
low-income communities in South Africa. It is highly inflammable and spillages from
paraffin can be considered as one of the major causes of fires that lead to the
destruction of dwellings in the informal settlement. The situation is made worse due to
the close proximity of the dwellings to each other which cause the fires to spread very
quickly from one dwelling to the next leaving suffering and most often death in its wake
(Schwebel et al., 2009:700). It has been shown by Muller et al. (2003:2018) that most of
the informal rural communities use paraffin in non-ventilated and windowless
environments and this causes major respiratory problems.
The government has made a huge effort towards replacing paraffin as main cooking fuel
in rural and informal settlements with ethanol gel. Ethanol gel is a healthier, safer
alternative to paraffin because ethanol gel does not burn unless it is contained within a
cooking device that concentrates the flame. It also fails to emit lung irritants or other
dangerous chemical vapours when burned indoors (Bizzo et al., 2004:67).
Commercial ethanol gels are manufactured with imported gelling agents that make their
costs unaffordable to the rural poor communities. It is the objective of this study to
determine whether gelling agents extracted from the local endemic species of cactacea
viz. Opuntia fiscus-indica and Cereus Jamacaru can be used to synthesise ethanol gel
comparable or better than the commercial gels. The two species chosen have been
declared pests (Nel et al., 2004:61) and are continuously uprooted from arable land and
burned by local farmers (Van Wilgen et al., 2001:162)
This study showed that Opuntia ficas-indica stems gave a better cellulose yield (15.0 ±
6.7 wt. %) than Cereus Jamacaru (11.5 ± 7.8wt %). Chemical composition analyses and
FT-IR analyses showed that the hemicelluloses and lignin were completely removed
from the extracted cellulose and the extraction was more effective for Opuntia ficasindica
than for Cereus Jamacaru. Ethanol gel produced by using the extracted cellulose, as was investigated during this study, was compared to commercial gels with respect to
viscosity, burn time, calorific values and residue and a good comparison was obtained. / Thesis (M.Sc. Engineering Sciences (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:nwu/oai:dspace.nwu.ac.za:10394/8057 |
| Date | January 2012 |
| Creators | Monye, Moses Seleke |
| Publisher | North-West University |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
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