Lau Kan Lung. / Thesis submitted in: November 2001. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 286-312). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / List of Symbols and Abbreviations --- p.I / List of Figures --- p.III / List of Tables --- p.XII / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Physical and chemical properties of PAHs --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Formation of PAHs --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Sources of PAHs --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Regulations for contamination of PAHs --- p.13 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Pollution of PAHs in environments of Hong Kong --- p.17 / Chapter 1.1.6 --- Toxicity of PAHs --- p.18 / Chapter 1.1.7 --- Fate of PAHs --- p.22 / Chapter 1.1.7.1 --- Sorption --- p.24 / Chapter 1.1.7.2 --- Volatilization --- p.25 / Chapter 1.1.7.3 --- Photooxidation --- p.25 / Chapter 1.1.7.4 --- Chemical oxidation --- p.27 / Chapter 1.1.7.5 --- Microbial degradation --- p.28 / Chapter 1.1.8 --- General principles of metabolism of PAHs --- p.30 / Chapter 1.2 --- Spent mushroom compost (SMC) --- p.35 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Production of SMC --- p.35 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Physical and chemical properties of SMC --- p.36 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Availability of SMC --- p.40 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Conventional applications of SMC --- p.43 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Alternate use of SMC --- p.44 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives of the study --- p.48 / Chapter 1.4 --- Research strategy --- p.51 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Effect of initial PAH concentration --- p.51 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.52 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.53 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.54 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.54 / Chapter 1.4.6 --- Isotherm plots and fitting into monolayer models --- p.55 / Chapter 1.4.6.1 --- Langmuir isotherm --- p.56 / Chapter 1.4.6.2 --- Freundlich isotherm --- p.58 / Chapter 1.4.7 --- Toxicological study by Microtox test --- p.59 / Chapter 1.4.8 --- Removal of PAH mixtures --- p.60 / Chapter 1.4.9 --- Specific goals of the study --- p.61 / Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.62 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2 --- Physical and chemical analysis of SMC --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- pH --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Electrical conductivity --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Salinity --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Ash content --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Metal contents --- p.64 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Water-soluble anion contents --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- "Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur contents" --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Infrared spectroscopic study --- p.66 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Chitin content --- p.66 / Chapter 2.3 --- Soil collection and characterization --- p.67 / Chapter 2.4 --- Optimization for extraction --- p.67 / Chapter 2.5 --- Removal of PAHs --- p.68 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Experimental design --- p.68 / Chapter 2.5.1.1 --- Pretreatment and incubation --- p.68 / Chapter 2.5.1.2 --- Extraction of sorbed PAHs in soil system or in SMC --- p.69 / Chapter 2.5.1.3 --- Extraction of PAHs in water system --- p.70 / Chapter 2.5.1.4 --- Putative identification and quantification of PAHs --- p.71 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Assessment criteria --- p.72 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Stability of PAHs --- p.77 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Optimization for removal of PAHs --- p.78 / Chapter 2.5.4.1 --- Effects of initial PAH concentration and amount of SMC --- p.78 / Chapter 2.5.4.2 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.79 / Chapter 2.5.4.3 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.79 / Chapter 2.5.4.4 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.79 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.80 / Chapter 2.5.6 --- Isotherm plots and fitting into monolayer models --- p.80 / Chapter 2.5.6.1 --- Langmuir isotherm --- p.80 / Chapter 2.5.6.2 --- Freundlich isotherm --- p.81 / Chapter 2.5.7 --- Toxicological study of Microtox® test --- p.82 / Chapter 2.5.8 --- Removal ability of SMC towards PAHs in single and in a mixture --- p.82 / Chapter 2.5.9 --- Removal abilities of different sorbents towards PAHs in water --- p.83 / Chapter 2.5.10 --- Removal abilities of raw and autoclaved SMC towards PAHs in water --- p.83 / Chapter 2.5.11 --- Statistical validation --- p.83 / Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.85 / Chapter 3.1 --- Characterization of soil --- p.85 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Physical and chemical properties of soil --- p.85 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- GC-MS analysis of soil --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2 --- Calibration curves of PAHs --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3 --- Optimization for extraction --- p.91 / Chapter 3.4 --- Stability of PAHs --- p.101 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Soil system --- p.101 / Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.101 / Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.101 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Water system --- p.103 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.103 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.103 / Chapter 3.5 --- Characterization of SMC --- p.103 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Physical and chemical properties of SMC --- p.103 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- GC-MS analysis of SMC --- p.106 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Infrared spectroscopic study and chitin content --- p.106 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Removal abilities of different sorbents towards PAHs in water --- p.121 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Removal abilities of raw and autoclaved SMC towards PAHs in water --- p.121 / Chapter 3.6 --- Optimization for removal of PAHs --- p.124 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Naphthalene --- p.124 / Chapter 3.6.1.1 --- Soil system --- p.124 / Chapter 3.6.1.1.1 --- Effects of initial naphthalene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency --- p.124 / Chapter 3.6.1.1.2 --- Effects of initial naphthalene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity --- p.128 / Chapter 3.6.1.1.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.128 / Chapter 3.6.1.1.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.128 / Chapter 3.6.1.1.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.131 / Chapter 3.6.1.1.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.131 / Chapter 3.6.1.2 --- Water system --- p.134 / Chapter 3.6.1.2.1 --- Effects of initial naphthalene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency --- p.134 / Chapter 3.6.1.2.2 --- Effects of initial naphthalene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity --- p.137 / Chapter 3.6.1.2.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.137 / Chapter 3.6.1.2.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.139 / Chapter 3.6.1.2.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.139 / Chapter 3.6.1.2.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.143 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Phenanthrene --- p.145 / Chapter 3.6.2.1 --- Soil system --- p.145 / Chapter 3.6.2.1.1 --- Effects of initial phenanthrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency --- p.145 / Chapter 3.6.2.1.2 --- Effects of initial phenanthrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity --- p.145 / Chapter 3.6.2.1.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.148 / Chapter 3.6.2.1.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.148 / Chapter 3.6.2.1.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.151 / Chapter 3.6.2.1.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.151 / Chapter 3.6.2.2 --- Water system --- p.155 / Chapter 3.6.2.2.1 --- Effects of initial phenanthrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency --- p.155 / Chapter 3.6.2.2.2 --- Effects of initial phenanthrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity --- p.155 / Chapter 3.6.2.2.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.157 / Chapter 3.6.2.2.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.157 / Chapter 3.6.2.2.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.161 / Chapter 3.6.2.2.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.163 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Benzo[a]pyrene --- p.163 / Chapter 3.6.3.1 --- Soil system --- p.163 / Chapter 3.6.3.1.1 --- Effects of initial benzo[a]pyrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency --- p.163 / Chapter 3.6.3.1.2 --- Effects of initial benzo[a]pyrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity --- p.167 / Chapter 3.6.3.1.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.167 / Chapter 3.6.3.1.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.168 / Chapter 3.6.3.1.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.168 / Chapter 3.6.3.1.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.172 / Chapter 3.6.3.2 --- Water system --- p.172 / Chapter 3.6.3.2.1 --- Effects of initial benzo[a]pyrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency --- p.172 / Chapter 3.6.3.2.2 --- Effects of initial benzo[a]pyrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity --- p.176 / Chapter 3.6.3.2.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.178 / Chapter 3.6.3.2.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.178 / Chapter 3.6.3.2.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.181 / Chapter 3.6.3.2.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.183 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- "Benzo[g,h,i]perylene" --- p.183 / Chapter 3.6.4.1 --- Soil system --- p.183 / Chapter 3.6.4.1.1 --- "Effects of initial benzo[g,h,i]perylene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency" --- p.183 / Chapter 3.6.4.1.2 --- "Effects of initial benzo[g,h,i]perylene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity" --- p.187 / Chapter 3.6.4.1.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.187 / Chapter 3.6.4.1.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.187 / Chapter 3.6.4.1.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.189 / Chapter 3.6.4.1.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.189 / Chapter 3.6.4.2 --- Water system --- p.192 / Chapter 3.6.4.2.1 --- "Effects of initial benzo[g,h,i]perylene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency" --- p.192 / Chapter 3.6.4.2.2 --- "Effects of initial benzo[g,h,i]perylene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity" --- p.196 / Chapter 3.6.4.2.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.198 / Chapter 3.6.4.2.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.198 / Chapter 3.6.4.2.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.198 / Chapter 3.6.4.2.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.201 / Chapter 3.7 --- Isotherm plots and fitting into monolayer models --- p.205 / Chapter 3.7.1 --- Sorption of naphthalene --- p.205 / Chapter 3.7.2 --- Sorption of phenanthrene --- p.205 / Chapter 3.7.3 --- Sorption of benzo[a]pyrene --- p.208 / Chapter 3.7.4 --- "Sorption of benzo[g,h,i]perylene" --- p.208 / Chapter 3.8 --- Toxicological study of Microtox test --- p.208 / Chapter 3.8.1 --- Soil system --- p.214 / Chapter 3.8.2 --- Water system --- p.214 / Chapter 3.9 --- Operable conditions of SMC for removal of PAHs --- p.214 / Chapter 3.10 --- Removal ability of SMC towards PAHs in single and in a mixture --- p.214 / Chapter 3.10.1 --- Soil system --- p.216 / Chapter 3.10.2 --- Water system --- p.216 / Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.221 / Chapter 4.1 --- Characterization of SMC --- p.221 / Chapter 4.2 --- Removal abilities of different sorbents towards PAHs in water --- p.223 / Chapter 4.3 --- Removal abilities of raw and autoclaved SMC towards PAHs in water --- p.226 / Chapter 4.4 --- Extraction efficiencies of PAHs --- p.227 / Chapter 4.5 --- Factors affecting removal of PAHs by SMC --- p.229 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Initial PAH concentration and amount of straw SMC --- p.229 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Initial pH --- p.237 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Incubation time --- p.237 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Incubation temperature --- p.242 / Chapter 4.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.247 / Chapter 4.7 --- Isotherm plots and fitting into monolayer models --- p.257 / Chapter 4.8 --- Toxicological study of Microtox® test --- p.258 / Chapter 4.9 --- Removal ability of SMC towards PAHs in single and in a mixture --- p.261 / Chapter 4.10 --- Comparison of removal efficiencies of benzo[a]pyrene by layering and mixing of straw SMC with soil --- p.265 / Chapter 4.11 --- Comparison of removal efficiencies of benzo[a]pyrene in different scales of experiment setup --- p.267 / Chapter 4.12 --- Effect of age of straw SMC on removal of PAHs --- p.270 / Chapter 4.13 --- Removal of benzo[a]pyrene by an aqueous extract of SMC --- p.270 / Chapter 4.14 --- Advantages of using SMC in removal of PAHs --- p.273 / Chapter 4.15 --- Limitations of the study --- p.278 / Chapter 4.16 --- Further investigation --- p.280 / Chapter 5 --- Summary --- p.282 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.285 / Chapter 7 --- References --- p.286
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:cuhk.edu.hk/oai:cuhk-dr:cuhk_324002 |
| Date | January 2002 |
| Contributors | Lau, Kan Lung., Chinese University of Hong Kong Graduate School. Division of Food and Nutritional Sciences. |
| Source Sets | The Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| Language | English, Chinese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Text, bibliography |
| Format | print, xvi, 312 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. |
| Rights | Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) |
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