Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) encompass a large group of manufactured compounds that have been used in various production processes such as food packaging, commercial products, workplaces, homes, water supplies, and food. PFAS are persistent, resistant to degradation, and can bioaccumulate. Although an exposure limit that predicts adverse health effects has yet to be determined, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s 2015-16 health survey found average blood levels of 4.72 ng/ml for PFOS and 1.56 ng/ml for PFOA.
The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of laminar flow tandem mass spectrometry following solid phase extraction (SPE) using weak anion exchange (WAX) properties on the detection and quantitation of PFAS compounds.
Seven-point calibration standards applied to this research were prepared using certified reference materials (Wellington Laboratories, Ontario, CA), and calibrators were run without sample extraction. The concentrations varied slightly based on the PFAS analyte of interest. All samples and quality controls were prepared by spiking certified reference material (Wellington Laboratories) into pooled human serum (BioIVT, Westbury, NY, USA). A laminar flow QSight®220 ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) was equipped with a Selectra C18 100 x 2.1mm x 3μm (UCT, Bristol, PA, USA) column with a Brownlee C18 delay column (PerkinElmer) and followed the LC-MS/MS parameters developed for the method. Extraction was accomplished using a WAX SPE column (UCT, ECWAX053) by first conditioning the columns with 1 mL of methanol (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ, USA) followed by 1 mL of 100 mM pH 7 phosphate buffer (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium, EU). Samples were loaded onto the column at a rate of 1-2 mL/min. The SPE cartridges were washed with 1 mL of 100 mM pH 7 phosphate buffer and 1 mL of millipore water (Millipore Milli- Q Ultrapure Type 1 water system, Millipore Sigma, Burlington, MA, USA), then dried under full flow for 5 minutes. Elution was carried out with 2.5mL of a 98:2 methanol: OptimaTM grade ammonium hydroxide (Fisher Scientific) solution. The eluted samples were then evaporated to dryness using a MULTIVAP® Nitrogen Evaporator (Organomation,Berlin,MA,USA) at 55°C and 5psi. All samples were reconstituted in 100 μL of a 96:4 methanol:water solution. The parameters assessed followed Academy Standards Board Standard 036: Standard Practices for Method Validation in Forensic Toxicology, including matrix interferences, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), a recovery study, and a calibration model.
The results of the study were gathered from the following eleven analytes: PFBA, PFBS, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFHxS, PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, and PFDoA. Depending on the analyte, a lower LOQ was established at 0.16 – 1.75ng/mL and an upper LOQ at 43.75 – 51.41 ng/mL. Based on the established linear calibration model an LOD in the range of 0.11 - 0.51 ng/mL was achieved. All eleven PFAS analytes showed an acceptable bias of ±20%. All analytes showed a between-run precision (%CV) in an acceptable range of ±20%. No matrix interferences were detected. The average recovery for SPE ranges from 77.64- 104.73% with recovery of 77.64% for PFBS, 83.89% for PFBA, and 95.64-104.73% for PFHxA, PFHpA, PFHxS, PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, and PFDoA.
Utilizing the UCT WAX SPE column, good recovery for the PFAS compounds was demonstrated. Further, the extraction technique was efficient for high throughput analysis with the extraction time comparable to other traditional SPE methods. The total analytical run time of 11 minutes using the QSight®220 coupled with the UCT Selectra C18 100 x 2.1mm x 3μm column allowed for adequate re-equilibration and system washes to prevent carryover and contamination of these persistent pollutants with excellent chromatography. Having the ability to efficiently and accurately quantify PFAS compounds in biological matrices will allow for better understanding of prevalence, bioaccumulation in biological matrices, and will aid in understanding how these concentrations relate to various health outcomes.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:bu.edu/oai:open.bu.edu:2144/45566 |
| Date | 02 February 2023 |
| Creators | Haynes, Halia Heather |
| Contributors | Botch-Jones, Sabra |
| Source Sets | Boston University |
| Language | en_US |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis/Dissertation |
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