Membranes are essential components of all living organisms forming the borders of cells and their organelles. Planar lipid membranes deposited on solid substrates (solid supported membranes) provide models to study the functions of membrane proteins and are used as biosensing platforms. However, despite remarkable progress, solid supported membranes are not stable to harsh conditions such as dehydration, high temperature and pressure, and mechanical stress. In addition, the direct deposition of membranes onto a solid substrate often causes restricted mobility and denaturation of reconstituted membrane proteins.
Membrane stability can be addressed by altering the structure of the component lipids. Bolalipids are an interesting class of bipolar lipids that have been proposed for biosensing applications. Membranes formed from mixtures of a bolalipid, C20BAS, and dioleoylphosphaphatidylcholine, POPC, were characterized by atomic force spectroscopy (AFM). The lipid mixtures produced a phase separated membrane consisting of thinner bolalipid-rich and thicker monopolar-rich POPC regions, with a height difference of approximately 1-2 nm. This confirmed an earlier prediction that some bolalipid/PC membranes would phase separate due to the hydrophobic mismatch between the two lipids. Interestingly, the surface coverage of the two phases was inconsistent with what one would expect from the initial starting lipid ratios. The complex membrane morphologies observed were accredited to the interplay of several factors, including a compositionally heterogeneous vesicle population, exchange of lipid between the vesicle solution and solid substrate during formation of the supported membrane, and slow equilibration of domains due to pinning of the lipids to the solid support.
Decoupling the membrane from its underlying surface is one strategy to maintain the structure and mobility of membrane proteins. This decoupling can be achieved by depositing the membrane on a soft cushion composed of a water swelling hydrophilic polymer. A polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) and a tethered poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) polymer are the two types of polymer cushions used in this study. The PEMs consist of the charged polysaccharides, chitosan (CHI) and hyaluronic acid (HA) which offer the advantage of biocompatibility over synthetic PEMs. DOPC lipid bilayers were formed at pH 4 and 6.5 on (CHI/HA)5 films. At higher pH adsorbed lipids had low mobility and large immobile lipid fractions; fluorescence and AFM showed that this was accredited to the formation of poor quality membranes with defects and pinned lipids rather than to a layer of surface-adsorbed vesicles. However, more uniform bilayers with mobile lipids were produced at pH 4. Measured diffusion coefficients were similar to those for bilayers on PEG cushions and considerably higher than those measured on other polyelectrolyte films. The results suggest that the polymer surface charge is more important than the surface roughness in controlling formation of mobile supported bilayers.
The suitability of polymer supported membranes for the incorporation of integral membrane proteins was also assessed. The integral membrane protein Ste14p, a 26 kDa methyltransferase enzyme, was reconstituted into POPC membranes on PEM and PEG supports. A combination of fluorescence microscopy, FRAP, AFM and an in situ methyltransferase activity assay were utilized to characterize the protein incorporated polymer supported membranes. Fluorescence measurements showed that more protein was incorporated in model membranes formed on the PEG support, compared to either glass or PEM cushions. However, the protein activity on a PEG support was comparable to that of the protein in a membrane on glass. FRAP measurements showed that the lipid mobilities of the POPC:Ste14p bilayers on the various supports were also comparable.
Lastly, as a new platform for manipulating and handling membrane proteins, nanodiscs containing reconstituted Ste14p were studied. Nanodiscs are small, soluble and stable bilayer discs that permit the study of membrane proteins in a uniform phospholipid bilayer environment. Empty and protein containing nanodiscs were deposited on a mica surface and imaged by AFM. AFM showed that protein containing samples possessed two subpopulations of nanodiscs with a height difference of ~1 nm. The taller discs, ~20% of the population, contained protein. Other experiments showed that the packing of the nanodisc samples was influenced by their initial stock concentration and that both imaging force and the addition of Mg2+ caused formation of larger bilayer patches.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:uottawa.ca/oai:ruor.uottawa.ca:10393/24022 |
| Date | January 2013 |
| Creators | Mulligan, Kirk M. |
| Contributors | Johnston, Linda |
| Publisher | Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa |
| Source Sets | Université d’Ottawa |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
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