by Pang King Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 186-204). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / by Pang King Man. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Content --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.xiii / List of Tables --- p.xvii / List of Plates --- p.xxii / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Printed circuit board manufacturing industry in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Principal manufacturing processes of printed circuit board --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1.1 --- Cleaning and surface preparation --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1.2 --- Catalyst application and electroless plating --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1.3 --- Pattern printing and masking --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.1.4 --- Electroplating --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.1.5 --- Etching --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Characteristics of wastestreams from printed circuit board manufacturing --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- Spent solvents --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Spent etchants --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.2.3 --- Rinsewaters --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.2.4 --- Air emission --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Environmental legislation relating to PCB manufacturing industry --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1.3.1 --- Water Pollution Control Ordinance (WPCO) --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1.3.2 --- Sewage Services (Sewage Charges) Regulation --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1.3.3 --- Waste Disposal (Chemical Waste) Regulation --- p.11 / Chapter 1.1.3.4 --- Air Pollution Control Ordinance (APCO) --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2 --- Chemical-specific approach against toxicity-based approach --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- Toxicity identification evaluation --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Phase I: Toxicity characterization --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Phase II: Toxicity identification --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Phase III: Toxicity confirmation --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Toxicity identification evaluation on industrial effluents --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4 --- Toxicity tests --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Selection of organisms for bioassays --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Organisms used in TIE --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Organisms used in this study --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5 --- Ecotoxicological study of effluent from PCB manufacturing industry --- p.27 / Chapter 2. --- OBJECTIVES --- p.29 / Chapter 3. --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1 --- Source of samples --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- Phase I - Toxicity characterization: Baseline toxicity test --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Microtox® test --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Procedures --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Survival test of a marine amphipod Hylae crassicornis --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Procedures --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3 --- Phase I - Toxicity characterization: Manipulations --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- pH adjustment filtration test --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Procedures --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- pH adjustment test --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Procedures --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- pH adjustment aeration test --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Procedures --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- pH adjustment C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) test --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Procedures --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Cation exchange test --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.5.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.5.2 --- Procedures --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Anion exchange test --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3.6.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3.6.2 --- Procedures --- p.50 / Chapter 3.4 --- Phase II - Toxicity identification --- p.50 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Determination of total organic carbon (TOC)-TOC analyzer --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Principle --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Sample preparation --- p.52 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Determination of metal ions-Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-ES) --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Principle --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Sample preparation --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Determination of metal ions-Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- Principle --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4.3.2 --- Sample preparation --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Determination of anions - Ion chromatography (IC) --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.4.1 --- Principle --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.4.2 --- Sample preparation --- p.60 / Chapter 3.5 --- Phase III - Toxicity confirmation --- p.60 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Chemicals preparation --- p.60 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Mass balance test --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- Procedures --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Spiking test --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.3.1 --- Procedures --- p.62 / Chapter 4. --- RESULTS --- p.63 / Chapter 4.1 --- Chemical characteristics of the whole effluent samples --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2 --- Phase I - Toxicity characterization: Baseline toxicity test --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Baseline toxicity of whole effluent samples on the Microtox® test --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Baseline toxicity of whole effluent samples on the survival test of a marine amphipod Hyale crassicornis --- p.63 / Chapter 4.3 --- Phase I - Toxicity characterization --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Toxicity characterization of effluent samples using the Microtox® test --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample El --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample E2 --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample E3 --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3.1.4 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample E4 --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3.1.5 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample E5 --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3.1.6 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample E6 --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Toxicity characterization of effluent samples using the survival test of amphipod Hyale crassicornis --- p.89 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample El --- p.89 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample E2 --- p.94 / Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample E3 --- p.99 / Chapter 4.3.2.4 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample E4 --- p.102 / Chapter 4.3.2.5 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample E5 --- p.102 / Chapter 4.3.2.6 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample E6 --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4 --- Phase II - Toxicity identification --- p.110 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Chemical reduction on Sample El --- p.113 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Chemical reduction on Sample E2 --- p.117 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Chemical reduction on Sample E3 --- p.117 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Chemical reduction on Sample E4 --- p.122 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Chemical reduction on Sample E5 --- p.122 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Chemical reduction on Sample E6 --- p.125 / Chapter 4.5 --- Phase III - Toxicity confirmation --- p.130 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Mass balance and spiking tests on the Microtox® test --- p.130 / Chapter 4.5.1.1 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample El on the Microtox® test --- p.131 / Chapter 4.5.1.2 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample E2 on the Microtox® test --- p.131 / Chapter 4.5.1.3 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample E3 on the Microtox® test --- p.133 / Chapter 4.5.1.4 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample E4 on the Microtox® test --- p.135 / Chapter 4.5.1.5 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample E5 on the Microtox® test --- p.138 / Chapter 4.5.1.6 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample E6 on the Microtox® test --- p.140 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Mass balance and spiking tests on the survival test of amphipod Hyale --- p.140 / Chapter 4.5.2.1 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample El on the amphipod survival test --- p.142 / Chapter 4.5.2.2 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample E2 on the amphipod survival test --- p.142 / Chapter 4.5.2.3 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample E3 on the amphipod survival test --- p.144 / Chapter 4.5.2.4 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample E4 on the amphipod survival test --- p.146 / Chapter 4.5.2.5 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample E5 on the amphipod survival test --- p.149 / Chapter 4.5.2.6 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample E6 on the amphipod survival test --- p.149 / Chapter 5. --- DISCUSSION --- p.153 / Chapter 5.1 --- Phase I - Toxicity characterization: Baseline toxicity test --- p.153 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Baseline toxicity of whole effluent samples on the Microtox® test --- p.154 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Baseline toxicity of whole effluent samples on the survival test of amphipod Hyale crassicornis --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2 --- Phase I - Toxicity characterization: Manipulations --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Effect of manipulations on the Microtox® test --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- pH adjustment filtration test --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- pH adjustment test --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2.1.3 --- pH adjustment aeration test --- p.159 / Chapter 5.2.1.4 --- pH adjustment C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) test --- p.159 / Chapter 5.2.1.5 --- Cation exchange test --- p.160 / Chapter 5.2.1.6 --- Anion exchange test --- p.160 / Chapter 5.2.1.7 --- Conclusion of the Phase I manipulations on the Microtox® test --- p.161 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Effect of manipulations on the survival test of a marine amphipod Hyale crassicornis --- p.162 / Chapter 5.2.2.1 --- pH adjustment filtration test --- p.162 / Chapter 5.2.2.2 --- pH adjustment test --- p.162 / Chapter 5.2.2.3 --- pH adjustment aeration test --- p.163 / Chapter 5.2.2.4 --- pH adjustment C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) test --- p.163 / Chapter 5.2.2.5 --- Cation exchange test --- p.163 / Chapter 5.2.2.6 --- Anion exchange test --- p.164 / Chapter 5.2.2.7 --- Conclusion of the Phase I manipulations on the survival test of a marine amphipod Hyale crassicornis --- p.164 / Chapter 5.3 --- Phase II - Toxicity identification --- p.164 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Chemical reduction on anions --- p.165 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Chemical reduction on metal ions --- p.166 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Conclusion of the Phase II toxicity identification --- p.166 / Chapter 5.4 --- Phase III - Toxicity confirmation --- p.167 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Mass balance and spiking tests on the Microtox® test --- p.167 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Mass balance and spiking tests on the survival test of amphipod Hyale crassicornis --- p.169 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Conclusion of the Phase III toxicity confirmation --- p.170 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Comparison between the results of the Microtox® test and survival test of amphipod Hyale crassicornis --- p.170 / Chapter 5.5 --- Comparison between the concentrations of the identified toxicant(s) in the PCB effluents with the technical memorandum on standards for effluent discharged --- p.172 / Chapter 5.6 --- Toxicity of the identified toxicant(s) in the PCB effluents --- p.175 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Copper --- p.175 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Chloride and sulfate --- p.177 / Chapter 5.7 --- Treatment technologies --- p.179 / Chapter 5.8 --- Recommendations --- p.183 / Chapter 6. --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.184 / Chapter 7. --- REFERENCES --- p.186
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:cuhk.edu.hk/oai:cuhk-dr:cuhk_324409 |
| Date | January 2003 |
| Contributors | Pang, King Man., Chinese University of Hong Kong Graduate School. Division of Biology. |
| Source Sets | The Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| Language | English, Chinese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Text, bibliography |
| Format | print, xxii, 204 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. |
| Coverage | China, Hong Kong |
| Rights | Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) |
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