湘中梅山地區至今存在巫師、神明與祖先疊合祭祀的現象。地方上的各個村莊或院落普遍祭拜「家主」的木雕神像，這些「家主」的姓名、木雕的形式、傳說的故事各異，但就整個梅山地區而言，「家主」又有著共通的特點--他們都身兼巫師、神明與祖先。這跟粤西亦神亦祖、珠江三角洲及莆田地區神明與祖先明顯分開祭祀的現象很不一樣。我們該怎樣從歷史的角度來解讀梅山的「家主」祭祀傳統？本文冀通過史料的分析、科儀的解讀、地方文獻材料的耙梳以及田野調查的運用，探討不同的禮儀傳統如何形塑當地的「文化傳統」與「生活空間」。 / 唐宋時期，佛教在梅山地區上有很大的影響力。北宋政府「開梅山」時，需要借助佛教的影響力使政權順利進入地方社會。「梅山」一詞不僅作為地理標籤，更成為山地人群與鬼神信仰的泛稱。元明時期，土地的開發提供了法術展演的場地，道教閭山派與本土的祭祀傳統融合，深刻地影響地方祭祀。元末明初，王朝國家在梅山地區建立社會秩序的辦法，是通過承認地方豪強勢力的合法性，換取他們支持政府的管治。然此一作法及其影響隨著明中葉政府加強稅收而有所改變。明清時期，世家大族往往以寺庵守墓護山，這傳統一直延續到清末。在此同時，城隍信仰作為王朝國家的象徵，最遲在明中葉進入地方社會，這套祭祀傳統的推廣有賴正一派道教的傳播。以理學為核心的王朝禮儀開始在地方社會推行，主要依靠一群有科舉功名的士紳，但士紳的影響相當有限。清初，修建祠堂開始成為社會風尚，建祠以「妥先靈」成了祭祖的另一種辦法。縱上所述，在湘中梅山民間宗教組織的發展中，各種宗教禮儀的傳統在不同時期進入鄉村社會，鄉土的鬼神信仰有機結合，形成本地的社會規範。在這個過程中，宗教成為各集團爭奪正統的戰場，宗教禮儀與信仰也隨之演變。 / 筆者以為要瞭解形塑地方社會的過程，便不能忽略地方社會整合進入國家的時間，因為國家在不同時期所倡導的意識形態，對於社會整合後所呈現的圖景有重要的影響。同時，我們也不能忽略地方本土固有的傳統，以及聚落環境的制約，禮儀變革與社會重組過程，其發展脈絡在不同的社會生態環境中往往會有所差異。要言之，無論是國家的制度或者是正統的意識形態，都必須跟原有的社會文化傳統、本土的鬼神信仰相結合，才能產生影響，在此一過程中，各種宗教集團與儀式專家有著關鍵而主導的作用。 / Being attracted by the special phenomenon that family gods [Jiazhu] are worshiped widely in the local society, during my visits to the Central Region [Xiangzhong] of Hunan, I became interested in how that phenomenon was formed in a historical context. Jiazhu is treated as a member of the same clan with the highest spiritual power, showing its close identification with shamans and territorial gods. This pattern is very different when compared with the merging of ancestor with deity in Hainan and Leizhou, and the separation of ancestor and deity in the Pearl River Delta and the Putian Plain. This thesis thus focuses on how the pattern had evolved. Drawing on a variety of sources, including official documents, local materials, and Taoist ritual texts and so on, it studies the relation between religious practices and social changes that shaped the local “cultural traditions and “living space. / The history of the Central Hunan from the Song to the late Qing can be expressed as a story of the encroachment on territory vis-a-vis competitions among natives, newcomers, Buddhist monks, and Daoist ritual masters. In Tang-Song period, Buddhism had great influence on the local society. During the Northern Song dynasty, the Meishan region, then the frontier of Han China, was forcibly “opened by the imperial government with the assistance of Buddhist monks. Meishan was hereafter not only as a geographical label but also generally identified with the indigenous people and local spirits. In the early Ming period, newcomers used “spiritual power [Fashu] which co-worked with Lüshan Daoist traditions to sanctify their landownership. Applying Fashu became a predominant approach to open up primitive land. This is a significant period when the Meishan tradition and the Lüshan Daoist traditions mixed together. In local belief, both Jazhu and Dizhu were deities of the highest spiritual power. Dizhu was one who opened up primitive land. From the Late Yuan to the early Ming period, the dynasty established the social order by recognizing the interests of the local chiefs. This situation changed when the local government reformed the taxation system in the mid-Ming. / This thesis shows the dynamics of ritual representation of local society from the Song to late Qing period. During the Ming-Qing period, powerful hereditary families used Buddist monasteries to protect ancestral graveyards and the hill cemeteries. This tradition continued to the late-Qing. In addition, the City God, a symbol of the imperial government, was incorporated into the belief system of local society with the spread of the Orthodox Oneness Sect[Zhengyi sect]. The highly educated gentries began to promote state rituals in the locality for reconstructing their own traditions, with limited success. During the mid-Qing, building ancestral halls became a popular trend of housing the ancestral spirits. / This thesis argues that in understanding the shaping of the local society, one should not miss the timing of it being incorporated into the state, since the ideologies sanctioned by the state had a considerable and persistent impact on the integrated society. On the other hand, the persistence of the local and indigenous should not be underplayed. Ritual transformation and social restructuring vary with different social and ecological environments. State institutions and orthodox ideologies cannot work successfully unless they combine with indigenous traditions and deity systems. In such process, various religious groups and ritual masters played a leading role. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 呂永昇. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 231-246). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Lü Yongsheng. / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 南中國的移民、宗族、宗教與社區 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 亦巫亦神亦祖：湘中梅山地區的歷史地理與社會形態 --- p.19 / Chapter 第三節 --- 論文架構、研究材料與方法 --- p.23 / Chapter 第一部份 --- 進入地方社會的禮儀傳統 --- p.28 / Chapter 第二章 --- 傳說與歷史 --- p.29 / Chapter 第一節 --- 官與道士：晉文斤成道的傳說 --- p.29 / Chapter 第二節 --- 密印寺與唐溈山僧 --- p.32 / Chapter 第三節 --- 「梅山十峒獠」及宋初資江流域所奠定的格局 --- p.36 / 小結 --- p.40 / Chapter 第三章 --- 北宋僧侶與資江流域的開發 --- p.42 / Chapter 第一節 --- 僧侶與開梅山道 --- p.43 / Chapter 第二節 --- 湘中格局的重整與族類的劃分 --- p.55 / Chapter 第三節 --- 宋王朝的教化與「梅山」風俗 --- p.60 / p.70 / Chapter 第四章 --- 國家禮制、移民與戶籍：明代的梅山社會 --- p.72 / Chapter 第一節 --- 元末明初土酋的勢力 --- p.73 / Chapter 第二節 --- 明代行政、祭祀系統的建立與理學的推行 --- p.87 / Chapter 第三節 --- 祖先的故事：譜牒中的移民記憶 --- p.102 / 小結 --- p.120 / Chapter 第二部份 --- 禮儀疊合的地方社會 --- p.122 / Chapter 第五章 --- 譜系的內外：清以降的社會建構 --- p.123 / Chapter 第一節 --- 冷水江巖口鎮的族群與聚落 --- p.123 / Chapter 第二節 --- 「家主」、「地主」與「廟王」的祭祀活動 --- p.135 / Chapter 第三節 --- 蘇氏「家主」、「地主」及族人的分衍與定居 --- p.146 / Chapter 第四節 --- 尊宗敬祖：從香火堂到祠堂 --- p.166 / 小結 --- p.176 / Chapter 第六章 --- 禮儀的疊合：宋至清末湘中梅山地區宗教形態的演變 --- p.177 / Chapter 第一節 --- 瑤人傳說中的祖源地：「梅山」 --- p.177 / Chapter 第二節 --- 法術的開發：明代祖先拓殖的傳說 --- p.187 / Chapter 第三節 --- 明清佛教與地方家族 --- p.199 / Chapter 第四節 --- 王朝的體制與神靈體系的建構 --- p.204 / 小結 --- p.215 / Chapter 第七章 --- 總論：法術的庇佑 --- p.216 / 附錄 --- p.222 / 徵引史料及參考書目 --- p.231
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:cuhk.edu.hk/oai:cuhk-dr:cuhk_328365 |
| Date | January 2012 |
| Contributors | 呂永昇., Chinese University of Hong Kong Graduate School. Division of History., Lü, Yongsheng. |
| Source Sets | The Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| Language | Chinese, English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Text, bibliography |
| Format | electronic resource, electronic resource, remote, 1 online resource (ix, 246 leaves) : ill., maps |
| Coverage | 中國, 湖南省, 中國, 湖南省, 湖南省(中國), 湖南省(中國), China, Hunan Sheng, China, Hunan Sheng, Hunan Sheng (China), Hunan Sheng (China) |
| Rights | Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) |
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