研究者主要關注人類公正感的意識加工層面，而忽視其無意識層面。基於文化社會學家的觀點和心理學家的雙通道模型，本研究旨在揭示平等意識（按平等分配）和優才意識（按能力和業績分配）的雙通道過程對行為的作用。 / 平等意識作為人類固有心理特質，操作过程較少依賴認知資源，所以更快、更穩定；優才意識更多是習得的，其操作需投入/收益、能力等信息，較依賴認知資源，因而操作過程較緩慢且不穩定。本研究認為，平等意識較之優才意識對行為有更顯著的作用，因而即便優才意識幫助人們合理化分配的不平等效果甚微。 / 本研究裏採用三階段任務：被試在第一階段通過努力掙得收入，在第二階段啟動他們的優才意識（僅啟動組有此操縱），在第三階段他們進行金錢分配任務。研究用不同的方法來操縱平等意識和優才意識。不平等感通過第一階段形成的收入差異來實現。優才意識通過按優才原則進行收入分配（無啟動組）和啟動方法（啟動組）實現。 / 實驗一的結果支持不平等的主效應，即被試在高不平等情境下分配給自己的錢顯著多於低不平等組（假設1）。盡管結果並未支持優才意識的主效應（假設2）以及不平等和優才意識的交互作用（假設3和4），研究觀察到性別差異：只在男性中觀察到此交互效應，在無啟動組裏男生分配給自己的錢顯著多於女生，而在有啟動組男女分配給自己的數額相似。結果揭示男生更易受到優才意識的影響而分配較多錢給對方，從而弱化自己的優勢地位和實現收入的平等化；而女生的收入在無啟動組已平等化，因而優才意識並未對女生產生顯著影響。 / 實驗二發現，認知資源和優才意識的交互效應不顯著，假設5和6並未得到支持。研究只在女生中觀察到此交互作用，但結果與假設相反，即在認知負荷操縱前啟動優才意識使被試更慷慨，而非將收入平等化。我們隨後證實替代性假設。盡管在啟動優才意識的兩個組裏認知負荷的效應不顯著，有認知負荷組的女生比無認知負荷組更慷慨，而男生的在兩個組裏一直保持與同伴較平等的收入。 / Most researchers have focused on deliberative aspect of justice judgment, neglecting processes through which justice judgment and behavioral consequences are automatically shaped. The purpose of this research is to depiict a full picture of behavioral consequences of justice judgment. Based on ideas from cultural sociologists and dual process models in psychology, this experimental research focused on two widely endorsed but antagonistic distributional rules, the equality and meritocracy rules, and uncovered how the deliberative and automatic processes of equality and meritocratic beliefs shape people’s behavior. / It is believed that equality is both socialized and inherited innate psychological ability, its processing is fast and stable; while meritocracy is believed to be mostly learned, and its processing requires information about a person’s input/output, ability, and contributions, so its processing requires cognitive resources and is relatively slow and unstable. This research proposes that equality is more powerful in determining behaviors than meritocracy; the legitimizing power of meritocracy is weak in many circumstances. / This research adopted a three-stage task in experiments: (1) earned money through efforts, (2) priming meritocracy belief (only in meritocracy prime condition), (3) monetary allocation. Equality was manipulated through income discrepancy in the first stage of the task (high/low inequality); meritocracy was manipulated by a merit-based reward method (in no meritocracy prime condition) and by a priming technique (in meritocracy prime condition). Among the two experiments, experiment 1 was conducted to show the basic pattern of the effects of equality and meritocracy, experiment 2 involved cognitive load manipulation to further explore how the two systems of equality and meritocracy affect behaviors. / Results from experiment 1 supported the main effect of inequality manipulation by showing that participants in high inequality conditions pocketed significantly more money than in low inequality condition (hypothesis 1). Though results did not substantiate the main effect of meritocracy manipulation (hypothesis 2) and interaction effect between inequality and meritocracy (hypothesis 3, 4), we observed unexpected gender difference: such interaction effect is significant only in males; the money males pocketed is significantly more than females in no meritocracy prime condition, but similar to females in meritocracy prime condition. Males were more influenced by meritocracy manipulations which reduced their advantageous inequality, achieving equalized incomes, while the money females earned in no meritocracy prime conditions achieved equality, so meritocracy prime exerted less influence in their behaviors when incomes were already equalized. / Experiment 2 showed that the interaction effect between cognitive load and meritocracy was not significant, thus hypothesis 5 and 6 were not supported. Again we observed gender difference: the interaction effect was significant only in females. However, the result of both males and females were opposite to our hypothesesthat is, priming meritocracy before cognitive load manipulation increased participants’ generosity toward partners. We put forward an alternative argument which fit the current data. Females allocated significantly more money to partners in cognitive load condition than in no cognitive load condition, resulting in a disadvantageous inequality; males in the two conditions maintained equalized outcomes. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Zhu, Yi. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-109). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Identifying Problems in Justice Research --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Exploring the Two Systems of Justice Judgment in Action --- p.7 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- Two Systems of Equality and Meritocracy --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1 --- Distributional Rules --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Sense of (In)equality --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Two Major Perspectives on Distributional Rules --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Equality and Meritocracy Rules --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- Equality Rule --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- Meritocracy Rule --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Dual Process Models --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3 --- Meritocracy and Equality as Cultural Schemata --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Cultural Schemata --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Equality Schemata --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Meritocracy Schemata --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4 --- Meritocracy vs. Equality --- p.41 / Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- Research Designs and Hypotheses --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1 --- Experiment 1: Basic Pattern of the Effects of Equality and Meritocracy --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2 --- Experiment 2: Unveiling Automatic Processes of Equality and Meritocracy --- p.53 / Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- Experiment 1 --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1 --- Methods and Procedure --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results --- p.63 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discussion --- p.66 / Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- Experiment 2 --- p.70 / Chapter 5.1 --- Methods and Procedure --- p.71 / Chapter 5.2 --- Results --- p.73 / Chapter 5.3 --- Discussion --- p.77 / Chapter CHAPTER 6: --- General Discussion and Conclusion --- p.80 / Chapter 6.1 --- General Discussion --- p.80 / Chapter 6.2 --- Future Research --- p.84 / REFERENCES --- p.88
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:cuhk.edu.hk/oai:cuhk-dr:cuhk_328423 |
| Date | January 2012 |
| Contributors | Zhu, Yi, Chinese University of Hong Kong Graduate School. Division of Sociology. |
| Source Sets | The Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| Language | English, Chinese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Text, bibliography |
| Format | electronic resource, electronic resource, remote, 1 online resource (x, 109 leaves) : ill. (some col.) |
| Rights | Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) |
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