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VODNO FIZIČKA SVOJSTVA KARBONATNOG ČERNOZEMA U USLOVIMA NAVODNJAVANJA POVRĆA / Water physical properties of calcic chernozem invegetable production under irrigation

<p>Zemlji&scaron;te i voda predstavljaju važne prirodne resurse koji su čovekovim kori&scaron;ćenjem bitno&nbsp;izmenjeni. Zemlji&scaron;te predstavlja neobnovljiv resurs čijom antropogenizacijom često dolazi do&nbsp;degradacije. Nestručnom ili nesavesnom primenom navodnjavanja uglavnom dolazi do pojave&nbsp;neželjenih posledica na zemlji&scaron;tu. U Vojvodini postoje i zemlji&scaron;ni i klimatski uslovi koji&nbsp;mogu prouzrokovati zaslanjivanje zemlji&scaron;ta u sistemima za navodnjavanje, naročito kada je&nbsp;voda za navodnjavanje mineralizovana. Pravilno (racionalno) navodnjavanje podrazumeva<br />dobro poznavanje zemlji&scaron;nih i klimatskih uslova područja i biolo&scaron;kih karakteristika gajenih&nbsp;biljaka. Kada se govori o promenama na zemlji&scaron;tu koje navodnjavanje može da izazove, treba&nbsp;odvojiti direktan uticaj vode i navodnjavanja od dejstva agrotehnike i ostalih pratećih činilaca&nbsp;i uslova.<br />Cilj istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi da li je dugogodi&scaron;nje navodnjavanje, u uslovima intenzivne&nbsp;proizvodnje povrća, uticalo na promenu morfolo&scaron;kih, vodno fizičkih i hemijskih svojstava&nbsp;karbonatnog černozema. Ukoliko se primenjuje racionalno navodnjavanje, uz uvažavanje&nbsp;hidropedolo&scaron;kih osobinama zemlji&scaron;ta i biolo&scaron;kih osobenosti gajenih biljaka, pretpostavka je&nbsp;da na ispitivanom zemlji&scaron;tu tipa černozem neće doći do degradacije in situ.<br />Istraživanja su obavljena na Oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad, u&nbsp;Odeljenju za povrtarstvo na Rimskim &scaron;ančevima. Za potrebe analiza, otvoreno je osam&nbsp;pedolo&scaron;kih profila do dva metra dubine, četiri na zemlji&scaron;tu koje se u kontinuitetu navodnjava&nbsp;oro&scaron;avanjem od 1946. godine i četiri na zemlji&scaron;tu koje nikada nije navodnjavano. Za&nbsp;navodnjavanje je kori&scaron;ćena voda iz kopanih bunara. Za potrebe laboratorijskih istraživanja,&nbsp;uzeti su uzorci u poremećenom i prirodnom, neporemećenom stanju iz sredine utvrđenih&nbsp;genetičkih horizonata, kao i uzorci vode za navodnjavanje. Analizirani su fizička, vodno&nbsp;fizička i hemijska svojstva zemlji&scaron;ta, kao i hemijska svojstva vode za navodnjavanje,&nbsp;standardnim metodama koje su primenjuju za ovu vrstu istraživanja, kao i savremenim svetski&nbsp;priznatim metodama. Podaci su obrađeni metodom analize varijanse, a testiranje razlika&nbsp;između aritmetičkih sredina obavljeno je pomoću Dankanovog testa za nivo značajnosti 5%.<br />U cilju realnog sagledavanja uticaja navodnjavanja na vodno fizička i hemijska svojstva&nbsp;ispitivanog zemlji&scaron;ta, kori&scaron;ćena je i numerička multivarijantna (claster) metoda za simultanu&nbsp;analizu većeg broja podataka.vrednosti su ispod<br />graničnih vrednosti koje ukazuju da je u zemlji&scaron;tu do&scaron;lo do procesa zaslanjivanja.<br />Na osnovu rezultata istraživanja uočava se blagi trend pogor&scaron;anja hemijskih svojstava&nbsp;zemlji&scaron;ta pod uticajem navodnjavanja, te se stoga predlaže periodična kontrola kvaliteta, ne&nbsp;samo vode za navodnjavanje, nego i zemlji&scaron;ta. Dobijeni rezultati i zaključci predstavljaju&nbsp;osnovu za preduzimanje potrebnih mera u cilju očuvanja kvaliteta zemlji&scaron;ta.<br />Dobijeni rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je do&scaron;lo do pogor&scaron;anja vodno fizičkih svojstva&nbsp;černozema, koje nije posledica navodnjavanja već drugih antropogenih i prirodnih faktora.<br />Utvrđeno je i blago pogor&scaron;anje hemijskih svojstava zemlji&scaron;ta kao posledica navodnjavanja&nbsp;zaslanjenom vodom. Ustanovljeno je povećanje pH vrednosti zemlji&scaron;ta, veći sadržaj kalcijum&nbsp;karbonata, usled navodnjavanja tvrdom vodom, i manji sadržaj humusa usled povećane&nbsp;mikrobiolo&scaron;ke aktivnosti i brže mineralizacije organske materije u uslovima povoljne&nbsp;vlažnosti zemlji&scaron;ta. Pod uticajem navodnjavanja, do&scaron;lo je do povećanja količine soli u&nbsp;zemlji&scaron;tu usled kori&scaron;ćenja zaslanjene vode za navodnjavanje. Iako je do&scaron;lo do blagog<br />povećanja saliniteta, izmerene vrednosti ukupne količine soli i ECe</p> / <p>Land and water are important natural resources, which are substantially altered by its use.<br />Land is a nonrenewable resource, whose anthropogenization often leads to degradation.<br />Improper or unconscious use of irrigation usually leads to detrimental effects on soil. In<br />Vojvodina there are soil and climate prerequisites that can cause soil salinization in irrigation<br />systems, especially irrigation water is saline. Correct (rational) irrigation means good<br />understanding of soil and climatic conditions of the area and the biological characteristics of<br />cultivated plants. Direct impact of water and irrigation on soil should be distinguished from<br />the effects of agricultural technology and other factors and conditions.<br />The aim of this study was to determine whether long-term irrigation, in intensive vegetable<br />production, caused the change of morphological, hydro physical and chemical properties of<br />carbonate chernozem. If rational irrigation is applied, in respect to hydropedological soil<br />properties and biological characteristics of cultivated plants, the assumption is that the<br />investigated chernozem soil will not show signs of degradation.<br />Investigations were carried out at the Experimental Field of the Institute of Field and<br />Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, in the Department of Vegetable Crops. For the purpose of<br />analysis eight soil profiles were dug up to two meters deep, four on land that is irrigated by<br />sprinkling continuously since 1946 and four on land that has never been irrigated. Water for<br />irrigation was from the wells. For the purposes of laboratory tests, disturbed and undisturbed<br />soil samples were taken from the mid-determined genetic horizons, as well as irrigation water<br />samples. Physical, water physical and chemical soil properties and chemical properties of<br />irrigation water were analyzed by standard methods that are used for this type of research, as<br />well as the modern world-recognized methods. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance<br />and Duncan&#39;s LSD test for significance level of 5%. In order to objectively determine the<br />impact of irrigation on water physical and chemical properties of soil, multivariate numerical<br />(claster) method for the simultaneous analysis of large number of data was also used.<br />The results showed that there was deterioration in water physical properties of chernozem,<br />which, however is not the result of irrigation, but other anthropogenic and natural factors. It<br />was also found slight deterioration of chemical properties of the soil as a result of the<br />irrigation with saline water. It was found an increase in soil pH, higher content of calcium<br />carbonate due irrigation and lower humus content due to increased microbial activity and<br />faster mineralization of organic matter in favorable conditions of soil moisture. The increase<br />of salt amount was also found. Although there was a slight increase in salinity, total amount<br />of salt and ECe values are below the threshold for indicating the soil as saline.<br />The results indicate a mild trend of deterioration of chemical properties of soil under<br />irrigation. Therefore, periodic quality control is suggested, not only for irrigation water, but<br />also for the soil. The results and conclusions are the basis for taking the necessary measures in<br />order to preserve the soil quality.</p>

Identiferoai:union.ndltd.org:uns.ac.rs/oai:CRISUNS:(BISIS)100075
Date12 May 2016
CreatorsMačkić Ksenija
ContributorsPejić Borivoj, Nesic Ljiljana, Belić Milivoj, Gvozdenović Đuro, Vasin Jovica
PublisherUniverzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Novom Sadu, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture at Novi Sad
Source SetsUniversity of Novi Sad
LanguageSerbian
Detected LanguageUnknown
TypePhD thesis

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