PhD (Physiotherapy), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / Despite the improvements that have been made in health care over the years, stroke remains a serious
public health problem in low, middle and high-income countries. Post-stroke, there are many
consequences that manifest and these include mortality, morbidity and socioeconomic, affecting not
only the stroke survivor but also the caregiver. These consequences are felt hardest in low and middleincome
countries because they are the least able to deal with health related setbacks to development.
Pressure for beds and the need to reduce hospitalisation related costs have resulted in early discharge
home of patients culminating in caregivers playing a more significant role post-stroke.
The role played by caregivers has of late received much attention and is well documented in highincome
regions. Informal caregivers are particularly important in low resourced settings. Caregivers
play an important role in the rehabilitation process of the stroke survivor. The discharge home of
patients with stroke to unprepared caregivers is associated with burden or strain, which negatively
affects the quality of life of not only the caregiver but the stroke survivor as well. The effect of a
structured, individualised caregiver training programme on patients with stroke and their carers has not
been established in sub-Saharan Africa in general and South Africa in particular.
With this in mind, the aim of the study was to establish the impact of caregiver education on the
morbidity of the stroke survivors and on the quality of life of the stroke survivors and their carers. The
specific objectives of the study were to establish the: physiotherapy caregiver education programmes
and associated content in use for managing patients with stroke at Chris Hani Baragwanath hospital,
effect of caregiver education on the mobility of the stroke survivors, effect of caregiver education on the
health related quality of life of the stroke survivor and the caregivers, effect of caregiver education on
the ability of the stroke survivor to socialise and participate in community issues and also the patient
and caregiver characteristics associated with caregiver strain post-stroke.
To achieve the first objective, a self designed questionnaire was used to establish the physiotherapy
caregiver education programmes and associated content in use for managing patients with stroke at
Chris Hani Baragwanath hospital from the physiotherapists at the hospital. For the rest of the
objectives, a stratified randomised controlled trial using concealed allocation with a broad entry and
blinded outcome assessment at baseline, three, six and 12 months was used for data collection. The
participants for the study were first time ischaemic patients with stroke admitted to Chris Hani
Baragwanath hospital, Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. A total of 200 patients and their caregivers
participated in the study. These were randomly assigned to either the control group or the experimental
group. The caregivers in the experimental group were subjected to an individualised training
programme just prior to discharge of the patient with stroke and at the three month follow up. The
assessor was blinded to the group allocation of the patients and caregivers until after completion of the
study.
From the study, the one-year case fatality was 38%. The mean hospital length of stay for patients with
stroke was six days and the average number of physiotherapy contacts for the stroke survivors was
one. The content of the rehabilitation programme of patients post-stroke was well structured and
appropriate at Chris Hani Baragwanath. However, there was no caregiver involvement or training during
in-patient rehabilitation. The barriers to caregiver involvement included perceived high workload by
therapists, short hospital length of stay, poor referral systems between clinicians and therapists of
patients post-stroke and caregivers being unavailable during working hours for training purposes.
Using the Barthel Index (BI) scores, 78% of the patients were functionally dependent at 12 months post
discharge. None of the patients were fully independent in mobility and stair climbing. The experimental
group had better mean BI scores at the three and 12 month follow up periods (p = 0.01 and p = 0.05
respectively) when compared to the control group. Caregiver education had the effect of improving the
BI scores by one and 0.7 at the three and 12 months follow ups respectively. However, the functional
abilities of the patients from both groups were still low at 12 months with averages of 13.3 and 12.6 for
the experimental and control groups respectively (out of a possible 20).
The overall patient mobility scores as measured on the Rivermead Mobility Index were low over the
study period with averages of 9.1 and 8.5 for the experimental and control group respectively (out of a
possible 15). However, the experimental group had slightly better Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI)
scores, which were not statistically significant. Caregiver education had the effect of reducing the risk of
death by 27% relative to that occurring among the control group patients.
The health related quality of life of the stroke survivors was generally poor over the study period. The
baseline means from their EQ-5D scores (for health related quality of life) were 42.4 and 43.7 for the
control and experimental groups respectively, which rose to 67 and 68.8 at 12 months respectively post
discharge. Caregiver education had the effect of improving patients’ EQ-5D scores by a factor of three
and this was only at 12 months.
The caregivers’ quality of life generally declined over the 12 months of the study period (more in the
control group than the experimental group) from averages of 92 and 93 at three months (for the control
and experimental groups respectively) to 83 and 86 (respectively) at 12 months. However, the
experimental group had better mean EQ-5D scores (health related quality of life) than the control group
(p = 0.001). Caregiver education had the effect of improving EQ-5D scores by factors of 3.4 and 3.6 at
the six and twelve month follow up period.
The ability to socialise and participate in community issues was poor. None of the participants could
carry out single and multiple tasks without assistance at 12 months post discharge. More than 87% of
the patients had mild to moderate difficulty with walking at 12 months post discharge and they were all
unable to lift and carry objects, have fine hand use and move around with equipment without
assistance. None of the patients was able to carry out domestic activities without any difficulty and
consequently they could not prepare meals and do housework without assistance from helpers.
All of the participants had mild to moderate and severe to complete difficulty in basic interpersonal
interactions, complex interpersonal interactions and formal relationships. They all had mild to moderate
difficulty engaging in recreation and leisure activities while 27% of the control group and 25% of the
experimental group had severe to complete difficulty with community life at 12 months post discharge.
The design, construction and building products and technology for both public and private use were
cited as barriers to community participation. More than 50% of the patients also cited friends as being
barriers to community participation but acquaintances, colleagues, neighbours and community
members were cited as being facilitators together with personal care providers (caregivers). Transport
services, systems and policies were also cited as barriers by more than 80% of the participants.
Caregiver education did not seem to influence patients’ ability to participate in community issues given
the similarities in percentages between the control and experimental groups.
At three months post discharge, 89% of the caregivers in the control group and 92% of those in the
experimental group were strained from caregiving duties. However, these percentages declined to 78%
and 43% respectively at 12 months, showing the effectiveness of caregiver education. Caregiver
education had the effect of reducing strain by a factor of 2.6 at 12 months.
The patient characteristics that were associated with caregiver strain were the dependency levels in
transfers, mobility, dressing, bathing, poor activities of daily living scores, patient anxiety/depression,
pain and poor perceived health state. The only caregiver characteristic that influenced caregiver strain
was the level of education.
The reduced hospital length of stay, pressure for beds and possibly inadequate rehabilitation personnel
levels means that its possible that some caregivers are not adequately trained to meet patient needs,
although this needs to be confirmed with further controlled research. The current pressure on in-patient
services at Chris Hani Baragwanath hospital is resulting in suboptimal exposure to rehabilitation of
patients post-stroke. There is insufficient organised caregiver education at present. Structured
individualised caregiver training has the effect of positively influencing the health related quality of life of
the patients especially at six and 12 months post discharge.
Caregivers for patients with stroke suffer from physical, financial and psychological problems, which
negatively affect their health related quality of life. Currently, high levels of caregiver strain persist poststroke.
Caregiver education however has the effect of reducing the decline in caregiver health related
quality of life over time.
Caregiver training did not positively influence patient mobility and this is most probably because the
patients had very low or poor functional ability levels at discharge from hospital. However, structured
and individualised caregiver training has the effect of improving patients’ quality of life and can help
reduce deaths among stroke survivors.
The patient ability to socialise and participate in community issues post-stroke is currently poor. This
mainly stems from the poor functional ability levels, which necessitate dependency on caregivers.
Compounding the low functional ability levels are the transport systems, services and policies, attitudes
of friends and the design, construction and building products and technology for both public and private
use, which are barriers to community participation.
The high patient dependency levels result in caregivers being highly strained. The patient
characteristics that influence caregiver strain are dependence in transfers, grooming, mobility, dressing,
poor activities of daily living, patient anxiety/depression, pain and poor perceived health state (health
related quality of life). The only caregiver characteristic that was associated with caregiver strain is the
level of education.
The early discharge home with little caregiver training calls for provision of community rehabilitation
services preferably through domiciliary visits. Caregivers of patients with stroke should be assessed
and treated for depression given its high prevalence among this cohort.
The referral system between the local community health centres and the discharging hospital need to
be strengthened to ensure access to rehabilitation by all patients post discharge from hospital. The
referral to social workers during in-patient and out-patient rehabilitation also need to be strengthened to
ensure processing of social grants to alleviate financial strain as is appropriate.
Caregiver strain is a complex and multifaceted problem with no single causation or solution. As a result,
further research is needed to establish the reasons for poor rehabilitation service provision post-stroke
for patients and caregivers and find solutions to these. It is important to explore different methods of
caregiver education programmes so that the method that yields the best results for both patients and
caregivers can be established in our setting and internationally.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:wits/oai:wiredspace.wits.ac.za:10539/8741 |
| Date | 20 September 2010 |
| Creators | Mudzi, Witness |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
| Format | application/pdf, application/pdf |
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