Thesis (PhD (For))--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study aims to evaluate the effects of forestry policy on the sustainability of forest resources in Southern
Africa. However, the study has confirmed that forestry policy does not operate independently of other policies.
Its scope is defined by overarching framework legislation and policy, while it functions within a complex mesh
of crosscutting and sectoral policies. Therefore, the implications of these external policies for forest
conservation have also been assessed. The method used employs predominantly qualitative assessment of
documentary data, which constitute the main contents of the three case studies: South Africa, Tanzania and
Zambia. This qualitative information has been transformed into quantitative data, using a scoring scale of one
to five for certain indicators of sustainable forest management (SFM). The average score for each country
makes up a forest conservation index (FCI), which provides a comprehensive insight into the performance of a
country's forestry and other resource conservation policies.
South Africa's FCI is estimated at 3, while Tanzania and Zambia's indices have been rounded to 2
each. As South Africa's forestry policy and other biological resource conservation policies came into existence
as recent as the mid- and late 1990s, this index suggests that these policies will lead to SFM subject to
satisfactory implementation. Indeed, South Africa has a congruous forestry legislation whose regulatory
mechanisms are appropriately blended with financial and framework incentives. Its overarching framework
legislation and policy define forestry policy, while the crosscutting policies reinforce it. However, the country's
performance on intergovernmental and intersectoral policy co-ordination is poor, as well as on the economic
valuation of its natural forest resources. Furthermore, the formulation of South Africa's forestry policy was not
founded on up-to-date forest resource data.
Contrary to the South African case, Tanzania and Zambia's indices indicate the likelihood of
unsustainable forest use and management. These countries' existing forestry and other resource conservation
policy-making processes are narrow-based and gender-insensitive, rendering them unpopular among policyaffected
and policy-connected stakeholders. These inappropriate policies and their blunt instruments distort
markets for forest resources, i.e., create situations in which benefits are dissociated from costs, prices from
scarcities, rights from responsibilities and actions from consequences. Both forestry policies and their
governing tools were not founded on contemporary forest resource data, i.e., they are not issue centred. The
countries' framework laws have also failed to institutionalise environmental impact assessment, monitoring and
evaluation, intersectoral policy co-ordination, participatory approaches to natural resource management and
ownership of environmental assets such as land and forest resources by local communities.
The administration of forestry policy requires competent professional and technical staff. South Africa
has adequate human resources in the forestry sector, although the personnel appear to lack the necessary
skills for participatory forest management for poverty reduction. Tanzania has adequate but ineffective forestry
personnel, resutting in lack of law enforcement and corruption while Zambia lacks professional staff to interpret
and implement the existing forestry policy. The ineffectiveness and the lack of professional and technical staff,
inter alia, is reflected in the high rates of deforestation, which have been estimated at 91,000 halannum for
Tanzania and 851,000 halannum for Zambia.
Unlike South Africa, both Tanzania and Zambia's sectoral policies fail to cultivate concerns for forest
conservation. This situation is aggravated further by the pervasive lack of intra- and intersectoral policy coordination
among biological resource conservation divisions and departments.
The coherence of South Africa's forestry and other resource conservation policies is attributable to the
scarcity of natural forests in the country. Approximately, 7.0% of South Africa's landscape is under forest
cover, while Tanzania and Zambia have 37% and 42%, respectively. Decreasing supplies of forest coupled
with the increasing demands for forest resources causes the value of forest resources to appreciate.
Naturally, there is a stronger need for the forest-scarce South Africa to pursue prudent conservation policies to
protect its limited forest than Tanzania and Zambia whose governments treat their respective vast land and
forest resources as a safety valve for economic hardship without adequate investment in SFM. In summary,
forest resource use and management in Tanzania and Zambia are littered by market and policy failures. It is
envisaged that the opportunities and constraints identified in each market and policy failure will inform future
forestry and related policy-making process, not only in the concerned countries but also in other African
countries experiencing similar forest conservation problems. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het ten doel om die effekte te evalueer wat bosboubeleid het op die volhoubaarheid van
woudhulpbronne in Suidelike Afrika. Hierdie studie het egter bevestig dat bosboubeleid nie onafhanklik van ander
beleidspunte funksioneer nie. Die omvang daarvan word gedefinieer deur oorkoepelende raamwerkwetgewing en
beleid, terwyl dit binne 'n komplekse netwerk van oorkruisende en sektorale beleid funksioneer. Daaom is die
implikasies van hierdie eksteme beleidspunte vir woudbewaring ook bepaal. Die metode gebruik, wend
hoofsaaklik kwalitatiewe beraming van dokumentere data aan, wat die hoofinhoud van die drie gevallestudies, nl.
Suid-Afrika, Tanzania en Zambia uitrnaak. Hierdie kwalitatiewe informasie is omvorm na kwantitatiewe data, deur
gebruik te maak van 'n skaal van een tot vyf vir sekere indikators van vohoubae bosbestuur (VBB). Die
gemiddelde punt vir elke land vorm 'n woudbewaringsindeks (WBI), wat 'n omvatlende insig verskaf van die land
se uitvoering van die bosbou- en bewaringsbeleid van ander hulpbronne.
Suid-Afrika se WBI is beraam op 3, terwyl Tanzania en Zambia sa indekse elk tot 2 afgerond is. Siende
dat Suid-Afrika se bosbou- en bewainqsoeleld van ander biologiese hulpbronne eers so onlangs as die middel- en
laat 1990's in werking getree het, stel hierdie indeks voor dat die beleid sal lei tot VBB, onderhewig aan
bevredigende uitvoering daarvan. Suid-Afrika het inderdaad 'n gepaste bosboubeleid, waarvan die regulerende
meganismes toepaslik vermeng is met finensiele en raamwerk aansporings. Die oorkoepelende
raamwerkwetgewing en beleid definieer bosboubeleid, terwyl oorkruisende beleidspunte dit versterk. Die land se
uitvoering van interregerings- en intersektorale beleidkoordinasie, is egter swak, asook in die ekonomiesa
waardering van sy natuurlike woudhulpbronne. Verder, is die formulering van Suid-Afrika se bosboubeleid nie
gegrond op woudhulpbrondata wat op hoogte was nie. In teenstelling met die Suid-Afrikaanse geval, toon die
indeksa van Tanzania en Zcrnbia die waCl'skynlikheid van onvomoubae bosbenutting en -bestuur. Hierdie lande
se bestaande beleidvormingsprosasse vir bosbou en bewaring van ander hulpbronne, is eng-gebaseer en
geslags-onsensitief, wat dit onpopulsr maak onder beleidgeaffekteerde en beleidverbonde insethouers. Hierdie
ontoepaslike beleidspunte en stomp instrumente verdraai markte vir woudhulpbronne, d.i. skep situasies waarin
voordele gedissosieer is van kostes, pryse van skaashed, regte van verantwoordelikhede en aksies van
nagevolge. Beide bosboubeleidspunte en die leidingsinstrumente is nie gegrond op kontemporere
woudhulpbrondata nie, d.w.s. hulle is nie rondom die kwessie gesentreer nie. Die lande se raamwerkwette het
ook gefaal daarin om omgewingsimpakberamings, monitering en evaluering, intersektorale beleidkoordinering,
deelnemende benaderings tot natuurlike hulpbronbestuur en plaaslike gemeenskappe sa eienaaskai van
omgewingsbates, SODS grond en woudhulpbronne in te stel.
Die administrasie van bosboubeleid verg bevoegde professionele en tegniese personeel. Sui-Afrika het
voldoende menslike hulpbronne in die bosbousektor, hoewel dit voorkom of die personeel nie die nodige
vaadiqhede het vir deelnemende bosbestuur vir die veligting van arnoede nie. Tanzanie het voldoende, maa
oneffektiewe bosboupersoneel, wat 'n gebrek aan wetstoepassing en korrupsie tot gevolg het, terwyl Zambie 'n
tekort het aan professionele personeel om die bestaande bosboubeleid te interpreteer en te implementeer. Die
oneffektiwiteit en die gebrek aan professionele en tegniese personeel, onder andere, word gerefiekteer in die hoe
tempo van ontbossing, wat beraam is op 91,000 ha/jaCl'vir Tenzenie en 851,000 ha/jaCl'vir Zembie.
Anders as Suid-Afrika, faal beide Tanzanie en Zambia se sektorale beleidspunte daain om belange vir
woudbewaring te kweek. Hierdie situasie word verder vererger deur die deurdringende gebrek aan intra- en
intersektorale beleidkoordinering onder afdelings en departemente van biologiese hulpbronbewaring.
Die verband tussen Suid-Afrika se bosbou- en bewaringsbeleid van ander hulpbronne word toegeskryf
aan die skaarsheid van natuurlike woude in die land. Ongeveer 7.0% van die Suid-Afrikaanse landskap is bedek
met woude, terwyl Tanzanie en Zambia onderskeidelik 37% en 42% bedek is. Verlaagde voorraad van woude,
gepaard met die toenemende vraag na woudhulpbronne, het tot gevolg dat die waade van woudhulpbronne styg.
Natuurlik is daar 'n groter behoefte vir die woud-arm Suid-Afrika om verstandige bewaingsbeleid na te streef om
sy beperkte woude te beskerm as Tanzanie en Zambie, waa hulle regerings hul onderskeie ge\Yeldigegrond en
woudhulpbronne behandel as 'n veiligheidsklep vir ekonomiese ontbering, sonder voldoende belegging in VBB.
As opsomming, is die benutting en bestuur van woudhulpbronne in Tanzania en Zambia met mark- en
beleidsmislukking besaai. Dit word beoog dat die geleenthede en beperkinge wat met elke mark- en
beleidsmislukking ge'identifiseer is, toekomstige bosbou en verwante beleidvormingsproses kan inlig, nie net in die
betrokke lande nie, maar ook in ander Afrika lande wat soortgelyke woudbewarings probleme ondervind.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:sun/oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/53108 |
| Date | 03 1900 |
| Creators | Watts, White Scotney |
| Contributors | Milton, Sue J., Ward, David, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Agrisciences. Dept. of Forest and Wood Science. |
| Publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Language | en_ZA |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
| Format | 298 p. |
| Rights | Stellenbosch University |
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