This study aims to generate from a three-dimensional data set of carbon dioxide
ux in the
Southern Ocean, a sample set for use with Kriging in order to generate estimated carbon
dioxide
ux values across the complete three-dimensional data set. In order to determine
which sampling strategies are to be used with the three-dimensional data set, a number of
a-priori and a-posteriori sampling methods are tested on a two-dimensional subset. These
various sampling methods are used to determine whether or not the estimated error variance
generated by Kriging is a good substitute for the true error as a measure of error.
Carbon dioxide is a well known "greenhouse gas" and is partially responsible for climate
change. However, some anthropogenic carbon dioxide is absorbed by the oceans and as such,
the oceans currently play a mitigating role in climate change by acting as a sink for carbon
dioxide. It has been suggested that if the production of carbon dioxide continues unabated
that the oceans may become a source rather than a sink for carbon dioxide. This would mean
that the oceanic carbon dioxide
ux (exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere
and the surface of the ocean) would invert. As such, modelling of the carbon dioxide
ux is
of clear importance. Additionally as the Southern Ocean is highly undersampled, a sampling
strategy for this ocean which would allow for high levels of accuracy with small sample sizes
would be ideal.
Kriging is a geostatistical weighted interpolation technique. The weights are based on the covariance
structure of the data and the distances between points. In addition to an estimate at
a point, Kriging also produces an estimated error variance which can be used as an indication
of uncertainty. This study made use of model data for carbon dioxide
ux in the Southern
i
Ocean. This data covers a year by making use of averaged data for 5 day intervals. This
results in a three-dimensional data set covering latitude, longitude and time. This study used
this data to generate a covariance structure for the data after the removal of trend and using
this covariance structure, tested various sampling strategies in two dimensions, sampling
approximately 10% of the two-dimensional data subset. These sampling strategies made use
of either the estimated error variance or the true error and included two simple heuristics,
genetic algorithms, the Updated Kriging Variance Algorithm and Random Sampling. Two
of the genetic algorithms tested were selected to maximise the error measure of interest, in
order to determine the full range of errors that could be generated. The percentage absolute
errors obtained across these methods ranged from 2:1% to 64:4%.
Based on these strategies, the estimated error variance was determined to not be an accurate
surrogate for true error and that in cases where absolute error is available, such as data
minimisation, absolute error should be used as the measure of error. However, if no data is
available then it does provide an easy to calculate measure of error. This study also concluded
that Addition of a Point at Point of Maximum Absolute Error does provide a good validation
sampling method to which other methods may be compared.
Additionally, based on true errors and computational requirements, three methods were selected
to be implemented on a three-dimensional subset of the data. These methods were
Random Sampling, Addition of a Point at Point of Maximum Absolute Error and Addition of
a Point at Point of Maximum Estimated Error Variance. Each of these methods for sampling
were performed twice on the data, sampling up to approximately 5% of the data. Random
Sampling produced percentage absolute errors of 21:02% and 20:98%, Addition of a Point at
Point of Maximum Estimated Error Variance produced errors of 18:54% and 18:55% while
Addition of a Point at Point of Maximum Absolute Error was able to produce percentage
absolute errors of 14:33% and 14:32%. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / MSc / Unrestricted
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:up/oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/43173 |
| Date | January 2014 |
| Creators | Beckley, Michaela Claire |
| Contributors | Kok, Schalk, michaelabeckley@gmail.com |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Dissertation |
| Rights | © 2014 University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. |
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