Sappi's Ngodwana integrated Kraft pulp and paper mill was used as case study for the application and
evaluation of the water pinch technique. The technique of water pinch originates from energy pinch, but
uses mass flow and contaminant concentration to identify water and effluent reduction opportunities.
The classical meaning of pinch, as defmed by energy pinch has however been changed to a more
modem meaning. Historically the terms water or energy pinch was used to refer to the points where two
composite curves touched on energy or water graphs. This graphical meaning of pinch is gradually
being replaced to refer to the optimal po int proposed by a numerical solver beyond which improvement
of the water network is no longer possible for the given inputs. The water pinch technique was applied
by means of a numerical solver that used mixed integer non-linear programming to optimise to the
minimum cost for running the water network under investigation. The problem defmition was defined
in terms of costs associated with the use of utilities, raw material, treatment facilities and process units.
It was also possible to define factors such as environmental impact, corrosion, fouling, scaling, cooling
tower treatment cost, legal risk etc in terms of a penalty cost. The water pinch technique has been
refined in software packages that are user friendly, ca~ble of handling multi-contaminants and suitable
for varying flows. The software package WaterPinch by Linnhoff March was used. The case study
was applied on Ngodwana mill that has an already highly closed water system with effluent generation
rates as low 20 kL per ton of pulp and paper. The pinch study included sodium, chloride, calcium,
suspended solids and COD as contaminants. The study investigated different applications of the pinch
technique. The following was concluded:
• The mill's understanding of its current restrictions, ()l pinch points, of its water network was
confirmed. No new pinch points have been identified of which the mill was not aware. This
indicates that the mill was already highly knowledgeable about its water system. This was expected
of a mill that has a very low specific-effluent-generation rate. Water pinch was unable to
significantly improve on the effluent generation rate of the mill.
• The pinch analysis has identified opportunities of mixing small quantities of waste streams into
process water streams to replace fresh water. These changes can introduce minor water savings and
new risks to the process that have to be understood better before implementation.
• The mill has progressed far with the design and costing of a proposed effluent treatment plant
(ERPl). The integration of this treatment plant into the water network was investigated using the
pinch technique. The pinch solver suggested a totally different approach to the integration of the
ERPI plant compared to design of the mill. The mill's design revolves around the treatment of low
chloride streams in the ERPl plant and using of the treated water as make-up to the cooling towers.
Sodium was recovered as raw material from the cooling towers' blow-down. Pinch proposed
treatment of the high cWoride containing streams and returning the streams to users suitable of using
high chloride water. The network proposed by mill's design generates 8.2 MLlday effluent less
than the pinch proposal, and recovers sodium as raw material. The proposal presented by pinch is
not recommended and points to the difficulty in simulating factors, such as raw material recovery, in
a pinch analysis.
• Users for the excess storm water were identified using water pinch and will be suitable for
implementation. The mill has mwever decided on alternative sinks for the storm water based on
considerations such as process inter-dependency, risks associated with contamination and general
management philosophy for the different systems in the mill. These considerations could have been
included into the pinch solver, but were not because it was of interest what the second best option
would be.
• The pinch investigation proved useful to confirm certain understandings of the mill. The
investigation confirmed the difficulty of improving the water systems of the mill due to the fact that
Ngodwana is already a highly closed and integrated mill. Numerous smaller process changes have been identified by the pinch solver and could be investigated further for smaller process
improvements.
• It i; recommended that pinch technology be applied again when the mill plans to make major
process changes or expansions. It is also recommended to use water pinch on a more frequent basis
in smaller sections of the mill or for other evaluations in the mill. As a group Sappi could benefit
from the use of water pinch, especially in situations where the water network of the mill is not
already water efficient.
• The recommendations and conclusions in this report have not been subjected to technical and
economical feasibility studies. Extensive further studies must be conducted before implementation
of any of the results. Further studies must include impacts from process dynamics, long term
effects, impacts from other contaminants that have not been simulated, etc. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:ukzn/oai:http://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za:10413/269 |
| Date | January 2009 |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
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