Satellite cells are known as the definitive muscle stem cells and are responsible for
skeletal muscle maintenance and repair. The capacity of these satellite cells to
participate in myogenesis decreases with age and as a result, muscle repair and
maintenance in an aging organism is characterized by fibrosis, lipid accumulation and
atrophy, a process known as sarcopenia. Recent parabiotic studies have shown that
satellite cells with reduced myogenic capability in aging muscle can be rejuvenated to
undergo effective myogenesis when exposed to a young environment. Further analysis
has suggested that the Wnt family of signaling proteins identified in serum is pivotal in
regulating cell fate, proliferation and differentiation, during aging. Wnt3a is known to
regulate fibrogenensis, Wnt10b adipogenesis and Wnt7 myogenesis. In the current
study, we aim to determine the cytosolic and secreted expression profiles of the three
Wnt isoforms, Wnt3a, 7 and 10b, during myogenesis of early and late passage C2C12
myoblasts. We then extend our analysis to determine whether conditioned media
could improve the myogenic capacity of late passage cells.
Late passage C2C12 cells had elevated Wnt3a cytosolic levels along with reduced
differentiation capacity and a rapidly declining Wnt7 levels, in comparison to early
passage cells. The elevated Wnt3a suggests an elevated fibrogenic predisposition,
whereas the declining Wnt7 cytosolic levels, a decrease in myogenic capacity.
Furthermore, analysis of the secreted vs. cytosolic ratio in Wnt7 levels revealed a more
rapid decline in late vs. early passage cells during differentiation, supporting the
observed decreased myogenic ability. Moreover, late passage cells also showed lower
Wnt10b levels compared to early passage cells. This low level of Wnt10b is likely
associated with an increase in adipogenic predisposition. The results obtained in the
cross-over experiments indicated that conditioned media from early passage cells did
not improve the differentiation of late passage cells by the low levels of Myogenin and
MHC. However, early passage cells treated with conditioned media from late passage
cells surprisingly showed a marginal increase in both Myogenin and MHC levels.
Interestingly, cytosolic Wnt3a and 7 in late passage cells treated with ‘young media’
were increased compared to control whereas early passage cells treated with ‘old’
media showed significantly decreased levels of Wnt3a and 7. Furthermore, early
passage cells acquired a declining expression when treated with ‘young’ media
whereas late passage cells had an increasing level when treated with ‘old’ media. This
indicates a possible improvement in differentiation in late passage cells.
Taken together, our results support a role for Wnt7 and Wnt10b in promoting
myogenesis while Wnt3a may decrease myogenesis. With the increase in passage
numbers, the reduced myogenic predisposition is regulated by reduced Wnt10b, 7 and
elevated Wnt3a levels, respectively. Moreover, we speculate that the lack of myogenic
improvement in the cross-over experiment could be the presence of unknown secreted
factors in ‘young’ media that impedes myogenesis. Finally, cell lines are known to be
biologically different to primary myoblasts through the accumulation of mutations
which could render the cells less sensitive to growth factors. Therefore, it is imperative
that the current study is repeated with primary culture myoblasts. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:ukzn/oai:http://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za:10413/10730 |
| Date | January 2010 |
| Creators | Lin, Chien-Yu. |
| Contributors | Niesler, Carola U. |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Language | en_ZA |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
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